Biogeochemical Cycles of Matter

1. Biogeochemical Cycles of Matter Leyda

2. Biogeochemical Cycles • Over 95% of the body is made of these elements: S P O N C H : Sulfur, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen • An ecosystem needs two things: • A flow of Energy (goes one way through trophic levels and is lost along the way) • Cycle of materials

3. Water Cycle • Water = H2O • Cycles Hydrogen and Oxygen through the biosphere • Water makes up to 70% of the mass of our bodies • Water is an important solvent for cell processes

4. Water Cycle Condensation Precipitation Evaporation Transpiration Run-off Seepage Ground water/ Uptake

5. Water Cycle 1. Precipitation: water falls to the Earth as rain, snow or ice

6. Water Cycle 2. Runoff: Water moves along the Earth’s surface into rivers, lakes, or streams

7. Water Cycle 3. Seepage: Water soaks through the soil and collects in pools underground.

8. Can be gradual or sudden

10. Sinkhole – Guatemala May 2010 • After hurricane – 60 meters deep • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BoOHmdL2I9Y

11. Water Cycle 4. Evaporation: Water changes from a liquid to a gas (usually occurs at the surface of lakes and oceans)

12. Water Cycle 5. Transpiration: Water evaporates from the leaves of plants (the most evaporative)

13. Water Cycle 6. Condensation: Water changes from gas to liquid (occurs when warm, moist air rises and cools in the upper atmosphere)

14. Carbon Cycle CO2 in atmosphere 1 11 2 3 10 6 5 9 CO2 in ocean 7 8 4 The Carbon Cycle

15. Carbon Cycle • Carbon is the main ingredient in all living things • Carbon makes up the 4 macromolecules of life: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

16. Carbon Cycle Into biosphere: Photosynthesis: Plants take in CO2 from the atmosphere and use it to make food.

17. Carbon Cycle Into biosphere: Feeding: Animals obtain carbon by eating plants.

18. Carbon Cycle Into Geosphere: Deposition: When organisms decay, carbon is trapped in sediments underground that eventually form rocks or fossil fuels.

19. Carbon Cycle Into Geosphere: Decomposition: Energy-rich, carbon-based compounds formed from the decaying bodies of buried organisms.

20. Carbon Cycle Into Atmosphere: Respiration: Animals breathe out CO2 when they burn food to get energy.

21. Carbon Cycle Into Atmosphere Volcanic Activity: CO2 released into the atmosphere

22. Carbon Cycle Into Atmosphere: Human Activity: Burning fossil fuels in factories and cars releases CO2 into the atmosphere.

23. Carbon Cycle Into Atmosphere: Fires: Burning of wood releases CO2

24. Carbon Cycle – In the Ocean Into Hydrosphere: Photosynthesis: Phytoplankton are Producers in the Ocean Feeding: Phytoplankton (Producers) are eaten by consumers. Respiration: CO2 is released into water when organisms bodies burn food. Erosion: Rocks break down, releasing carbon into the soil or ocean where it can be used by organisms.

25. Nitrogen Cycle

26. Nitrogen Cycle • Nitrogen is important for making proteins and DNA • Nitrogen makes up ¾ of our atmosphere • N2 (Nitrogen gas) cannot be used by living things until it is changed into Nitrates, Nitrites, or Ammonia

27. Nitrogen Cycle To Geosphere: Fertilizers: Humans add usable nitrogen directly to soil.

28. Nitrogen Cycle To Geosphere: Nitrogen Fixation: Bacteria in the roots of plants change nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3) so that plants can use it.

29. Nitrogen Cycle To Geosphere: Atomspheric Nitrogen Fixation: Lightening changes nitrogen gas into nitrate and nitrite.

30. Nitrogen Cycle To Biosphere: Uptake: Producers take up usable nitrogen from the soil and ocean in order to make proteins

31. Nitrogen Cycle To Biosphere: Consumers: Obtain nitrogen by eating producers

32. Nitrogen Cycle To Geosphere: Excretion: Urine returns nitrogen to the soil.

33. Nitrogen Cycle To Geosphere: Decomposition: When organisms decay, nitrogen is returned to the soil.

34. Nitrogen Cycle To atmosphere: Denitrification: Some bacteria change usable nitrogen back into nitrogen gas (N2) which goes back into the atmosphere.

35. Nitrogen Cycle To atmosphere: Burning Fossil Fuels (remember Nitrogen is in proteins that makes up structure of plants and animals)

36. Nitrogen Cycle To hydrosphere: Runoff & Leaching

37. Nitrogen Cycle 1. What are three ways nitrogen cycle allows nitrogen to be taken out of the atmosphere and made usable for plants and animals? Nitrogen fixing bacteria, lightning, man made fertilizer 2. What are the three ways that ammonia (NH3) are formed? Nitrogen fixing bacteria, decomposition, excretion, deposition

38. Phosphorus Cycle 1. What is phosphorus used for in living things? ATP (Energy), DNA (Phosphate Group) 2. What form is phosphorus frequently found in? Rocks, sediments, soil minerals 3. What part of the biosphere is phosphorus not found in, that carbon, water and nitrogen are found in? Atmosphere

39. Phosphorous Cycle The Carbon Cycle To Atmosphere: DOESN’T HAPPEN

40. Phosphorous Cycle The Carbon Cycle To Geosphere: Runoff, dissolves in water, decomposers

41. Phosphorous Cycle The Carbon Cycle To Biosphere: Eating, absorb through roots

42. Phosphorous Cycle The Carbon Cycle To Hydrosphere: Runoff, leaching

43. Limiting Nutrient • The substance that limits productivity of an ecosystem • Farmers prevent this by adding fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) • Problem= Algal bloom