Renewable energy

Renewableenergy By:sebastian.B.V

Central idea In the context of the problem that fossil fuel is declining and that renewable energy has much lower environmental impact than fossil fuels and will not run out, the central idea of my exhibition is • to research what types of renewable energies there are • and what the world, Norway and in particular Sandefjord are doing in the area of renewable energy, • and finally a way how Skagerak International School can use renewable energy. Renewable energy is a global, national and local need.

We have to be caring about our environment. This is why we need to use renewable energy because otherwise our environment will be seriously damaged and there will be no way to bring it back. • We have to open minded to new ways of thinking about energy. We can’t just continue using fossil fuels in the way we have been used to until now, because now we know that it hurts our environment and that it is disappearing fast. • We have to be thinkers when we approach this problem because it is complicated and we have to think critically and not just think things will solve themselves and also we have to be realistic. We have to think creatively to find good solutions to the energy problem.

FOSSIL FUELS • RENEWBALE ENERGY • NORWAY • RENEABLE ENERGY IN SANDEFJORD • DISTRICT HEATING AT SKAGERAK • WHAT CAN WE DO AS CITIZENS? • MYTHS AND FACTS ABOUT RENEWABLE ENERGY • CONCLUSIONS

What are fossil fuels? • Fossil fuels are dead animals from a long time ago (like dinosaurs) that have been biodegraded by phytoplankton and zooplankton, after a long time the dead creatures are turned into coal, oil, and natural gas. Some fossil fuels are even 650 million years old. • Fossil fuels corresponds to the majority of the worlds energy resources today, which means only a small proportion comes form renewable sources. • The difference between fossil fuels and renewable energy is that fossil fuels in time will all disappear because they are not renewable. Some day they will all be gone. On the contrary, renewable energy will not run out. Will we run out of sunlight … ? No. What about water …? I don’t think so. What about bio fuel…? Not really. You see, renewable energy does not contaminate and will never be depleted.

Why do fossil fuel contaminate? • As fossil fuels create an excess of heat-trapping pollutants in the atmosphere, temperatures rise. In less than 150 years Earth's temperature has increased by at least half a degree Fahrenheit. If that continues, the atmosphere's heat could cause glaciers to melt and sea levels to rise, and it could lead to droughts and dangerous weather and other negative impacts. This is why we have to use more renewable energy. Tom, Toles. Washington Post. 21.11.10

What is there a problem with fossil fuel? • Fossil fuels include oil, coal and natural gas • The lack of fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas is becoming a big problem. Experts say oil will run out in around 15-60 years and natural gas in around 50 years • Besides, fossil fuels produce a very negative impact on the environment, particularly coal and to a lesser degree natural gas • A delicate balance of atmospheric gases keep earth stable. These gases keep the planet at a stable temperature and make it possible for life to exist. Burning fossil fuels sends pollutants into the air, destroying the atmosphere. But wait! Don’t go screaming “it’s the end of the world!!!” There is a solution but it will require teamwork in-between countries and local engagement.

What are the different types of renewable energy? • In general, one kind of energy can get transformed into a different kind of energy • The energy of renewables such as the water falling (hydroelectric), the heat of the sun (solar), the heat produced by the inner core of the earth (geothermal), the energy of the wind, etc can be transformed into a kind of energy that we use in our daily life without major damage to our environment • The trick is to transform this kind of energy into another with enough efficiency, that is at a low cost (so that it is no too expensive) • Also energy is difficult to store, so it is better if the source of energy is close to where it is used • Today, fossil fuels produce energy cheaper than renewable energy sources, but there is a cost to the environment and it is very important to also think about this cost. Also, renewable energy is becoming cheaper to produce as research and development brings about great improvements and as more and more governments, people, companies, schools etc. use it.

What are the different types of renewable energy? • For example, Hydro-power is like a watermill; the water spins a turbine that transforms kinetic* energy into electricity (one type of energy can get transformed into a different type of energy) • There are several types of renewable energy: • Solar • Wind Power • Geothermal • Hydro-power • Bio energy • Tidal power • Salt water power *The kineticenergy of an object is the energy which it possesses due to its motion..Kinetic energy is there, but it has not been transformed to be usable yet.

SOLAR POWER • Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity • There are two types of solar power, normal solar power or concentrated solar power. Normalsolar power is when you transfer sunlight into electricity using a special method called photovotalics. This means that you are capturing the sunrays in solar panels (see picture) and the heat produced out of that is enough to make energy. Up to now we have only been able to get 10% of the sunrays. We have not found ways to get more yet without very high costs. • Concentratedsolar power is a system that uses lenses or mirrors to concentrate a large area of sunlight onto a small area. Electrical power is produced when the concentrated light is converted to heat which drives a heat engine connected to an electrical power generator. • Solar power works best in cloud free places, so it isnt a first choice for Norway . However, solar power is often capable of continuing to produce energy for some time after the sun stops sihing using built-in thermal capacity. • The cost of solar power is very expensive because of the installation. But a lot of developments are taking place to find cheaper ways produce solar power.

WIND POWER • Wind power has been around for a long time.Humans have been using wind power for at least 5,500 years to for example in sailboats, ships, and wind mills. Wind mills which were used for grinding plants (like wheat) for food. Now we can use it make electricity. • One study found the potential of wind power on land and near shore equivalent to 54,000 million tons of oil (which is a lot). • Wind power is used a lot in Denmark (19% of total electric power), Ireland, Portugal, Spain, and in Germany. 75% of global wind power installations are in Europe. Wind power can be used locally and can also be put into the network of electricity. • Wind power is a good choice for Norway since it has the longest coastline in the whole of Europe, but there are challenges related to network capacity and long distances to where it is used . • Together with hydroelectric power, wind power is presentlythe most cost efficient renewable energy able to cover large electricity production (for many people).

BIOENERGY • Bioenergy is a type of energy that runs on biomass. • Biomass is biological material from living, or recently living things, such as wood and dead animals . • Biomass occurs in many different forms. However, common for all biomass is that they derive from the photosynthesis process that utilize the energy in the sunlight to separate electrons from the water molecules • Biomass used for energy is usually plant based material. • There are five basic categories of biomass material: • Virgin wood: from forestry, arboricultural activities, wood processing • Energy crops: high yield crops grown specifically for energy applications • Agricultural residues: residues from agriculture harvesting or processing • Food waste: from food and drink manufacture, preparation and processing, and post-consumer waste. That is why we need to separate biodegradable waste in our garbage !!! • Industrial waste and co-products from manufacturing and industrial processes. • The use of bioenergy in Norway has increased from 10 TWh in 1985 to 15 TWh in 2008. This accounts for 6% of the total energy consumption. The market for bioenergy is expected to increase noticeably in Norway in the next few years.

BIOENERGY cont.Biofuels for transport • Biofuels are a sub-set of bioenergy, and refer to those bioenergy products that are in liquid form, and therefore suitable for mobile fuel uses (such as petrol replacements). (Bioenergy usually refers to nonliquid energy such as electricity and heating.) • Biofuelsfor transport include ethanol, made primarily from corn and sugar cane, and biodiesel, produced from vegetable oils. Corn accounts for more than half of global ethanol production, and sugar cane for more than one third. • Biofuelis also being used in limited quantities for transportation in Sweden and elsewhere to fuel trains, buses, and other vehicles. We use bio fuel in Norway but it isn't fully developed yet. • Biofuels make small but growing contributions to fuel usage in some countries and a very large contribution in other. For example, in Brazil, where ethanol from sugar cane replaces 50 percent of gasoline for transport. • But biofuel is very expensive compared to oil. Biofuels have actually been around as long as cars have. Early diesel engines ran on peanut oil!!! But discoveries of huge petroleum deposits kept gasoline and diesel cheap for decades, and biofuels were largely forgotten, until now because of concern about global warming. • However, one problem now is that the process of growing the crops use a lot of energy, maybe even more than you get out of it. Therefore, many experts think a better way of making biofuels will be from grasses and saplings, which contain more cellulose. Cellulose is the tough material that makes up plants' cell walls, and most of the weight of a plant is cellulose. If cellulose can be turned into biofuel, it could be more efficient (cheaper) than current biofuels, and emit less carbon dioxide (which is good). • There is also a question if biofuel for transport produce food shortages. The question is Food or Fuel?

Geothermal • Geothermal energy is thermal (heat) energy generated and stored in the Earth. Geothermal energy originates from the original formation of the planet, from decay of minerals, from volcanic activity, and from solar energy absorbed at the surface. The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface. • Geothermal wells release greenhouse gases trapped deep within the earth, but these emissions are much lower per energy unit than those of fossil fuels. As a result, geothermal power has the potential to help reduce global warming if widely deployed. • Geothermal power is cost effective (not so expensive), reliable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly. • To use the energy, deep holes are drilled into the earth (much like when drilling for oil) until a geothermal hot spot is found. • When the heat source has been found, a pipe is attached deep down inside the hole which allows hot steam from deep within the earths crust to rise up to the surface. • The steam is then channeled into a turbine which begins to turn under the large force of the steam. This turbine is linked to the generator and so the generator also begins to turn, generating electricity. Cold water is then pumped down in a new pipe which is heated by the earth and then sent back up the first pipe to repeat the process. • Norway is among the top five countries regarding increase in geothermal energy use with 26,000 Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) installations including some of the largest Borehole Thermal Energy Storage (BTES) systems in Europe. There are no deep geothermal energy installations, but there is renewed interest in the potential for EnhancedGeothermal Systems (EGS) systems. Norwegian industry is world leading in advanced drilling and reservoir technology developed for the oil and gas industry and this technology and methods are transferable to geothermalenergy.

Energy from the sea - Tidal power • Tidal power converts tides into energy. Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar power. Among sources of renewable energy, tidal power is the least mature. It has relatively high cost and limited availability of sites with sufficiently high tidal ranges. • However, many recent technological developments and improvements, both in design (e.g. dynamic tidal power, tidal lagoons) and turbine technology (e.g. new axial turbines, cross flow turbines), indicate that the total availability of tidal power may be much higher than previously thought. • In Norway, the best place to use tidal power is in the north of Norway. Also, with its long experience of hydropower production, this experience can be used for tidal stream energy. It is estimated that the potential in Norway can be as high as 650 GWh per yeary have tidal power. In November 2010, Norway opened the largest floating tidal power plant in the world in the North of Norway – Morild II.

Energy from the sea – Salt power • Salt power is energy made from salt water. The place where saltwater meets freshwater is a place where energy can be generated. If the two different types of water are split into different chambers that are separated, forces from the fresh water will produce such high pressure that it is possible to drive a turbine. The salty water that is produced as a result of this high pressure can be used to produce electricity. • The Norwegian company Statkraft is behind the project that has come the furthest on an international level on salt power. They have carried out an extensive research project, where they among other things have installed small-scale salt power plants in the seashores and in laboratories in Trondheim. The technology needed to utilize this energy source commercially is still 5 – 15 years away at the earliest.

Summary – renewable energy in Norway • Hydropower: In many ways, Norway already is a lower‐carbon economy than most others because it uses a lot of hydropower. • Solar power works best in cloud free places, so it isnt a first choice for Norway . However, solar power is often capable of continuing to produce energy for some time after the sun stops sihing using built-in thermal capacity. • Wind power is a good choice for Norway since it has the longest coastline in the whole of Europe, but there are challenges related to network capacity and long distances to where it is used . • Biofuel:The use of bioenergy in Norway has increased from 10 TWh in 1985 to 15 TWh in 2008. This accounts for 6% of the total energy consumption. The market for biofuels is expected to increase markedly in Norway in the next few years. • Geothermal: Norway is among the top five countries regarding increase in geothermal energy use with 26,000 Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) installations including some of the largest Borehole Thermal Energy Storage (BTES) systems in Europe. There are no deep geothermal energy installations, but there is renewed interest in the potential for EnhancedGeothermal Systems (EGS) systems. Norwegian industry is world leading in advanced drilling and reservoir technology developed for the oil and gas industry and this technology and methods are transferable to geothermalenergy. • Tidal power: In Norway, the best place to use tidal power is in the north of Norway. Also, with Norway’s long experience of hydropower production, this knowledge can be used for tidal stream energy. It is estimated that the potential in Norway can be as high as 650 GWh per year. In November 2010, Norway opened the largest floating tidal power plant in the world in the North of Norway – Morild II. • Salt power: The Norwegian company Statkraft is behind the project that has come the furthest on an international level on salt power. They have carried out an extensive research project, where they among other things have installed small-scale salt power plants in the seashores and in laboratories in Trondheim. The technology needed to utilize this energy source commercially is still 5 – 15 years away at the earliest.

Cost of electricity by source • As has been mentioned and as can be seen in the chart below, the cost of energy by source varies from natural gas being among the cheapest to offshore-windpower and solar power to being among the more expensive. Energi Information Administration. Annual Energy Outlook 2011, December 2010,

How can we get more renewable energy globally? • Today, only about 20% of the energy we consume corresponds to renewable sources Share of Global EnergyConsumption - 2008 Source: Renewables 2010, Global Status Report, REN 21.

How can we get more renewable energy globally? • Despite all what is written and said, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration traditional sources of energy will still dominate in the future WorldEnergyby Fuel Type Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration / International Energy Outlook 2010

How can we get more renewable energy globally? • A big part of the problem is that developing countries will continue to rely on fossil fuels– They are growing fast and need cheap energy, for example in India and China (although China say they are one of the leaders in renewable energy). Global Consumption of Coal DevelopingCountires Asia Rest of theWorld North America Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration / International Energy Outlook 2010

How can we get more renewable energy globally? • Cost decreasing over time: Firstly, the cost of the technologies of renweable energy (solar, wind, etc) is decreasing over time. At some point it will become more convenient to replace traditional sources of energy with new types of energy. • Government policies: Secondly, governments are actively encouraging the use of renewable energy using different policies. “At least 83 countries—41 developed/transition countries and 42 developing countries—have some type of policy to promote renewable power generation”. The most common policies are agreed prices/contracts for renewable energy, minimum quotas, subsidies, and tax credits. • Carbon footprint: Thirdly, people are looking at the carbon footprint of products, demanding products that do not have a negative impact on the environment when produced. Products that are made with renewable energy have much lower carbon footprint. 1 2 3 Source: Renewables 2010, Global Status Report, REN 21.

100 80 60 40 20 0 PV COE cents/kWh 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 70 60 50 40 30 20 100 1512 9 6 30 10 8 6 4 20 Solar thermal Biomass Geothermal COE cents/kWh COE cents/kWh COE cents/kWh 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 How can we get more renewable energy globally? • We are learning to produce renewable energy more efficiently (cheaper) 4030 20 10 0 Wind COE cents/kWh 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Department of Energy, USA 2008e

What is needed for Norway to be better in renewable energy? • The Norwegian Government has over the past years increased substantially its efforts to develop new renewable energy sources. . • In many ways, Norway already is a lower‐carbon economy than most others because it uses a lot of hydropower. • Almost all electricity in Norway comes from renewable sources (hydro-power) unlike most of the world. • The challenge / opportunity is that only three big sectorshave a large potential for important cuts in energy-related greenhouse gas emissions • oil and gas production, • manufacturing • transport

How is renewable energy being used in Norway? • Oslo has set a low CO2 emission target – one of the best in the world Source: Renewables 2010, Global Status Report, REN 21.

How is renewable energy being used in Norway? • As has been seen in the presentation about different types of renewable energy, there are many types of renewable energy that are being used and developed in Norway such as hydro power, tidal power, geothermal, bioenergy and wind power. • It is challenge that requires time to develop and funds to finance (because some of them are quite expensive). • It is also an opportunity; the world´s leader in wind power is from Denmark (Vestas), why can´t we have a Norwegian world class company in renewable energy? That would be great. • If people work together (politicians, entrepreneurs and citizens) this can actually work

How does it matter that Norway is a producer of oil and natural gas? • Norway is at the same time a oil & gas producer and is also a strong global supporter of climate change mitigation and renewable energy. • The oil & gas produced by Norway, generates wealth, jobs and provides stability to Europe - Norway is an important provider of oil and gas to Europe since many other countries that have the biggest amount of oil and gas are located in the Middle East where there is a lot of political instability (wars and upheavals there can disrupt the supply of energy to Europe and the rest of the world) • Norway will continue to be a reliable source of oil & gas, particularly for Europe because Norway can’t just stop producing oil and gas, but need to think about developing renewable energy and saving energy because of global warming and because fossil fuel such as oil will run out in the next 15-60 years and we can’t just stand there doing nothing. Norway needs to take care of our environment and be responsible for future generations (such as us who are children now).

Renewable energy in Sandefjord • Sandefjord has ambitious goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions locally. By 2020, the emissions is targeted to be reduced by 25%. • The goal for the county Vestfold is to be a pioneering county in environmentally friendly energy consumption. • Therefore, Sandefjord has developed a plan for the climate and for energy. • The plans include to reduce energy usage and to introduce more renewable energy (instead of fossil fuels). The goal is to use as much renewable energy for heating as possible . • Sandefjord has bought 10 electrical cars to be used by the municipality. • The energy plan also demonstrates different areas where district heating can be used with the usage of tiles and pellets (bioenergy) in downtown Sandefjord, Bugården and Pindsle. Is important that it is cost effective and sustainable. The government is subsidizing the development of infrastructure for district heating. District heating will be the main renewable energy for Sandefjord. • Sandefjord wants to increase the usage of biofuel to 10% in 2020 • Sandefjord wants to reduce fossil fuel in the area of agriculture (e.g. use of biodiesel) and develop the agricultural sector to a supplier of energy • Sandefjord also wants to explore possibilities to develop biogas from garbage.

DISTRICT HEATING IN SANDEFJORD • According to Ole Jakob Hansen at the municipality of Sandefjord, the author of the Climate Plan for Sandefjord, one good choice (and perhaps the best choice) of renewable energy for Sandefjord would be “fjernvarme” (district heating). District heating is a type of heating system that uses water. • If the municipality can create a huge district heating boiler it can heat all of Sandefjord(But there is a lot of work needed to get this!) • Norwegian governments wants more focus on the use of district heating . They believe the solution is efficient and environmentally friendly. However, it is definitely not cheaper to install but you end up saving money in the long run since you don’t have to pay so high energy bill.

How district heating works • District heating works in the way that water is heated in a type of boiler and is distributed through a neighborhood using pipes connected to buildings . Here heat is transferred from the district heating network to the customer's own heating system. . You can use many other types of renewable energy while you are still using district heating like for example you can use solar energy while you are still using district heating . This means that if something goes wrong with one of your heating systems, you will always have something else (so you don’t freeze to death in the winter). There are two parallel tubes, one for hot water and one for chilled water .When the water has cooled down after use, the water is transported back in the second of the tubes that goes to the district heating plant. The cooled water is then heated again. The water transport is often very hot, up to 120 ° C and under high pressure. This makes it very important for the pipes to be stable. In the Norwegian system the water temperature is typically 80 to 90 ° C. • It can be used in any type of building from a news paper headquarters to a hospital or schools and resident houses. A district heating plant gives heat to usually several buildings or entire districts. • District heating is also used to remove snow and ice from sidewalks and some streets which could be great after winter because everything is ice.

“To build district heating is a win-win situation: we use renewable energy sources, we save energy, and we save the climate. [..]It is now set in motion district heating projects in virtually all major Norwegian cities - from Kristiansand to Kirkenes…” Former Minister of Oil and Energy Terje Riis-Johansen. May 2009 How district heating works • District heating can use energy sources that would otherwise be lost, solar, geothermal, heat from the sewage, household and industrial waste, waste from the industry and residues from forest industry. • Almost 80 percent of all energy that is distributed in the Norwegian district heating systems is based on energy that would otherwise not have been utilized. The goal is that all cities in Norway should have district heating by 2020. • Europe could, for example, today have been heated with the excess heat that is wasted in the European energy system. It is important to utilize electricity in Europe better. District heating is one of the European Commissions three pillars to achieve the goal of 20% renewable energy and 20% reduction of CO2 emissions in 2020. • District heating is an energy-flexible system that allows you use the cheapest energy source. District heating is provided in competition with other heating sources such as electricity, gas and oil. The price of district heating is competitive with the other carriers. • Each municipality can choose which energy source they will use and that fits best with them. In Sandefjord the best energy source is biomass from tiles and pellets. • District heating requires a quite high cost of installation and it is a long term commitment to be profitable. • One study shows that District Heating with Combined Heat and Power has the lowest carbon footprint of any heating system. It leads to large reductions in CO2 emissions.

District heating – an renewable energy option for the new Skagerak International School at Thorøya • Since Skagerak is making a new school on Thorøya and they haven´t started building it yet, we can get district heating in the new school. It will be expensive at first (when you install it) but you save money in the long run because you have your own heating system and you don’t need to pay as high energy bills. Therefore we can use more money on new swings and basketballs and that kind of stuff. In addition, we take care of the environment and we support renewable energy and the careful usage of depleting fossil fuels. This is worth it! Remember that for every kWh district heating that is produced, we save 130 gram CO2. In a year, this corresponds to 71,500 ton CO2! It is good for the environment that the school contributes to renewable energy! http://www.bkk.no/bedrift/fjernvarme/hva-er-fjernvarme/

Survey on renewable energy in Sandefjord • A survey has been applied to Skagerak School on renewable energy (26 answers). 80% percent know about what renewable energy is and a clear majority thinks renewable energy is very important. Only a few were not familiar with what renewable energy was. • Most have heard about solar energy, wind power and hydropower. However, fewer have heard about geothermal, tidal power and saltwater power (less than half). • Many knows that hydropower is frequently used in Norway, but interestingly many believes that solar power are frequently used in Norway (52%%) (which is not the case). • Few are familiar with that Norway also is using tidal power, saltwater power and barely any are aware of that Norway uses bioenergy as well. • Few are familiar with that Norway uses geothermal energy and are not familiar with what geothermal energy is.

Cont. Survey on renewable energy in Sandefjord • Few are familiar with the usage of renewable energy in Sandefjord and only 8% knew about fjernvarme (district heating), which is one of the most important renewable energy sources in Sandefjord (besides hydro). • However, many were familiar with the usage of hydropower in Sandefjord. • A few thought we also used solar energy in Sandefjord (which is not the case). • Few knew how Sandefjord could use more renewable energy . • A few did not know if they used renewable energy in their homes.

Cont. Survey on renewable energy in Sandefjord • ”Because the oil is about to end” • ”Fossil energy is about to be less so there is no more to use” • ”So the planet doesn’t die” • ”Is it importantbecause you canreuse it” • ”Because it is good for the environment.” • ”Becauseifwedid not have it, therewill be no electricity.” • ”Becausethenwereuseenergy, which is veryimportant for the environment” • ”Becauseweneedenergy” • ”Becauseifwedo not haverenewableenergy, it is not a lot of energy” Why is renewableenergyimportant? (Examples) In sum, the survey shows that many people know what renewable energy is and thinks that it is very important, but fewer knows how it works and what renewable energy is used in Norway and in Sandefjord and how we can use more renewable energy. Many think that we use more renewable energy than we actually do.

What can we do as citizens to help increase the use of renewable energy in Sandefjord? • We can do many things to show that we are responsible about taking care of our planet and making sure that we have enough energy: • Create awareness: tell others about renewable energy, talk to the newspapers, write articles, when somebody gets a new house suggest how to use renewable heating sources instead of nonrenewable heating • Influence the politicians: when a new major is being elected vote for people that like the environment and will use renewable energy that is good for Sandefjord. • So please tell many people about renewable energy and how to use it.

What are the myths and facts one needs to think about when looking at renewable energy? • We need to use renewable energy to protect the environment • Governments need to intervene to force the use of renewable energy • As citizens we need to switch to renewable sources of energy • Yes, and also to diversify the sources of energy and be less dependent on oil from Middle East (unstable, wars, etc) • Yes, but the cost of renewable energy is going down fast. As cost of oil increases it will be profitable to produce / consume renewable energy • Yes, but selectively as the cost of renewable energy goes down and the technology develops so much that it can provide sufficient energy for a large area

What are the myths and facts one needs to think about when looking at renewable energy? • Not always. For example, biofuels consume corn, if demand increases too much, the price of corn will increase and some people that use it for food might suffer • Not yet. Europe still counts on Norway´s oil & gas • The technology of renewable energy is still developing. And the cost can be really high for some renewables, although it is going down. The concept of renewable energy is relatively new. • Renewable energy has only positive impact on society • Norway needs to stop producing oil & gas • There is lots of renewable energy (sun, wind etc.) so we can just start using it now.

Conclusion • Renewable energy is a good replacement for fossil fuels, but there are still some challenges • Some types of renewable energy only works in some places. For example, solar energy because you cannot use solar energy in Norway (at least not yet) because it is not sunny all the time and it is difficult to store the energy. • Some types of renewable energy are still very costly. For example, solar power (photovoltaic). But the different types of renewable energy are constantly becoming cheaper • Many renewables are still developing as new technologies are developing. For example, tidal power. • Still, there are many types of renewable energy that do not follow these traits. For example wind power, geothermal and biofuel that are as cheap as conventional energy sources. • In Norway we can use many different types of renewable energy like hydro, tidal power, bio fuel, and wind power . Many of those are being developed and used in Norway. The only problem is that Norway is also a producer of oil, but Norway is trying to do a lot on renewable energy. Norway also has a lot of experience in oil drilling and hydro power and can use this knowledge for geothermal energy and ocean energy.

Cont. Conclusion • In Sandefjord there aren't so many choices on renewable energy that are workable (and affordable) yet. Either you can import renewable energy from other cities (or towns) or we can get off shore wind farms. We can also get fjernvarme and this is what Sandefjord is planning to develop as it seems to be the most workable. • Skagerak International School can use district heating in the new school they are going to build. In this way, we show responsibility and that we care about the environment. We also support renewable energy and the careful usage of depleting fossil fuels. And we save on the energy bill! Remember that for every kWh district heating that is produced, we save 130 gram CO2. In a year, this corresponds to 71,500 ton CO2! It is worth it! • As citizens, we can create awareness about renewable energy and influence the politicians. The first step is to develop our knowledge and now you have got a lot of information. So please tell many people about renewable energy and how important it is. It is about our future!

Bibliography Fossil fuels: www.ehow.com Wikipedia fossilfules.org Solar power: http://www.newfreeelectricity.com/solar-power-cost/ Wikipedia http://www.technologyreview.com/energy Technology Reveiw (MIT) Nano Letters, ACS Publications, May 2010 Fornybar Energi 2007, NTNU, IFE, SINTEF, 2/1/2007 www.fornybar.no Solenergi, Neil Morris, 2006 Wind power: http://www.ehow.com/about_4692857_wind-power-facts.html Fornybar Energi 2007, NTNU, IFE, SINTEF, 2/1/2007 www.fornybar.no Biofuel: http://www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/technology/biofuels Fornybar Energi 2007, NTNU, IFE, SINTEF, 2/1/2007 www.fornybar.no Wikipedia http://www.nordicbioenergy2009.com http://www.cleanvehicle.eu/fileadmin/downloads/UK/nsca_biogas_as_a_road_transport__084926300_1011_24042007.pdf http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/biofuel-profile/

Bibliography Geothermal www.clean-energy-ideas.com http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa/energy/mainselectricityrev5.shtml http://www.cger.no/index_e.aspx http://www.cger.no/uploads/Paper_wgc2010_Midttomme_20091023.pdf Fornybar Energi 2007, NTNU, IFE, SINTEF, 2/1/2007 www.fornybar.no Jord varme. Neil Morris. 2006 Tidal power http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/view/14191/floating-tidal-power-plant-opened-in-norway/ http://social.tidaltoday.com/industry-insight/norway%E2%80%99s-tidal-power-market-force-be-reckoned Fjernvarme: http://www.hafslund.no/om-hafslund/les_artikkel.asp?artikkelid=1446 http://www.fjernvarme.no/uploads/Brosjyrer/nf_brosjyre_standard.pdf Sandefjord klimaplan Sandefjord energiplan http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/oed/pressesenter/pressemeldinger/2009/okt-satsing-pa-fjernvarme.html?id=560149 Danish Energy statistics 2007, The Danish Ministry of Energy Other: Energi Information Administration. Annual Energy Outlook 2011, December 2010, Renewables 2010, Global Status Report, REN 21. Renewables 2010, Global Status Report, REN 21. http://www.citizenceo.com/tag/crude-oil-production www.bellona.org http://101-solutions.org/norwegian.html www.klimaloftet.no http://www.sffe.no/ ( senter for fornybarenergi), www.ssb.no http://www.nobio.no/images/stories/avis/nobio2.pdf

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Renewable energy

Renewable energy

Presentation Transcript

Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy

RENEWABLE ENERGY

Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy

RENEWABLE ENERGY ////

Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy

RENEWABLE ENERGY

Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy

RENEWABLE ENERGY