Shadows over the Pacific…

1. Shadows over the Pacific… East Asia Under Challenge…

2. First First, a word about China…

3. A Changing China • Qing Dynasty…or Manchus (1644-1912) and the beginnings of China’s ‘century of humiliation’ • 1800…the Qing were at the height of their power and had been in contact with the West for more than 200 years…how it all began… • Begins with a ‘teeny’ request for trade. • Russians in north (fur), English (via the East India Company) along the coast. • Treaty of Nerchinsk, 1689… • Canton, English trading post, 1699, tea, porcelain, and silk. • EIC eventually wants more trade ports for British manufactured goods, • Chinese…“We have never set much store on strange or ingenious objects, nor do we need any more of your country’s manufactures”…so get the hell out! How well do you think this went over? • Not well…soon, the ‘black ships’, the ‘big guns’, and ‘opium’ arrive…how and why?

4. Opium Trade… Brits ship large amounts of opium into China to try to increase trade profits… The Chinese object…why…blockade Canton… the Brits use this to invade China and force it to open to the West… 1839-42 Opium War Clearly demonstrated British military superiority…both in fire power and navy…China could not compete 1842 Treaty of Nanjing, British have rights to several trading ports; Chinese pay for war; British get Hong Kong…the ‘barren rock’ China and Britain...BFF

5. China and the West cont… • China and the ‘Open Door’ policy (1899-1900) • Diplomatic rather then military…less costly • U.S. threatened by Brits, Germany, Japan, Russia, and France • John Hay (S of S) and his ‘open door’ notes…suppose China got Cced?...it was all to protect China’s integrity…NOT… • 1898-1901, Boxer Rebellion • Boxers were anti-missionary and anti-imperialist natives from rural areas of Northern China • ‘Foreign devils’ and their influences, siege of Beijing and other attacks on foreign residents. • Unfortunately…it was crushed (expeditionary force that included 5,000 U.S. troops) • China had to pay a huge indemnity…you know, this really sucks for China…

6. A Boxer rebel

9. And now…Japan

10. ‘Tokugawa’ Japan: • A bit of background info on Japan… • Clans at war with each other. Shogun had no real control. • Shogunate: Basically the feudal military dictatorship that ruled Japan for almost 1000 years. • The rise of the Tokugawa Shogunate issued in a time of peace and prosperity. 3 main shoguns: Oda Nobunaga (1568-1582), ToyotomiHideyoshi (1582-1598), and Tokugawa Ieyasu (1598-1616). • Japan becomes ‘centralized’…remember the poem?

11. Lock up your children and run for your lives! Here comes…. The west!

12. Japan’s Opening to the West: • First Jesuit missionary arrived in 1549. • Spread Christianity as well as western weapons and arms. • 1587: The Jesuits are given 20 days to vacate. Shogun repeals, but eventually chaos ensues and 9 missionaries and their converts are executed. • Eventually foreign trade forbidden…except for small Dutch port…the Tokugawa only keep formal diplomatic relations with Korea… • The Japanese are watching China’s experiences…

13. Japan and the West cont… • (1853) The United States ‘encourages’ Japan to open…President Fillmore and Commodore Mathew Perry’s naval expeditions… • Chaos ensues in Japan and the Tokugawa shogunate comes to an end… • Meiji restoration…the ‘westernization of Japan’… • New constitution (1890)…democratic form…yet rule remained ‘oligarchic’ • Japan industrializes with extensive governmental support and oversight… • Rural population and the local daimyo domains…

14. Japanese Westernization -An army on the German model -A navy on the British model -American industry and finance -French administration