Course structure

1. Course structure Part 1. Introduction (incl. generic methods) Part 2. Air pollution control engineering Part 3. Water & wastewater treatment Part 4. Solid and hazardous wastes

3. Development of human activities changes our World Manhattan island over 400 years

5. Hypoxia Gulf of Mexico "Dead Zone" due to excessive algal growth supported by fertilizer runoff in the Mississippi. Low-oxygen areas appear in red. (NASA and NOAA)

8. Lake Bourget, summer 2007

9. Monitoring of biomass development of toxic alga Planktothrix rubescens (a cyanobacteria producing microcystins) in Lake Bourget in 2002-2003. Microcystins are hepatotoxins which can be produced in large quantities during algal blooms. They pose a major threat to drinking water supplies. Source: SACYTOX (2004) Prototype of an alert system against the proliferation of toxic cyanobacteria in water reservoirs and lakes. Sogreah-Cereve Report, France.

10. The methods of iron and manganese removal from water consist of transforming the dissolved forms (Fe2+ and Mn2+) by oxidation, into precipitates (Fe(OH)3 and MnO2) followed by filtration. Oxidation can be carried out using powerful chemical oxidants like oxygen, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone or potassium permanganate.

14. Bringing O2 to the deepest layers of the water reservoir (speece cone, Lake Camanche system)

15. input support enhancing vegetation growth floats geotextile barrier On-site phosphorus removal in a water reservoir

16. European Water Framework Directive 2000/60 • requires that all inland and coastal waters within defined river basin districts must reach at least good (ecological) status by 2015 • transboundary if necessary • defines how this should be achieved through the establishment of environmental objectives and ecological targets for surface waters • action plan to be published end 2009 by all Member States

18. Typical composition of untreated domestic wastewater Total Solids ( 400 –1200 mg/L) often a function of parasitic clearwater infiltration into the sewers Inorganic (ash) 50% Organic (volatile) 50% Suspended (>1 µm) 45% (15% inorg) (30% org) Dissolved inorg. 35% Dissolved organic 20% Non-settleable inorganic 40% Settleable (“>10µm”) 25% (10% inorg ; (15% organic) Non-settleable organic 35%

19. Typical composition of untreated domestic wastewater Total Solids ( 400 –1200 mg/L) often a function of parasitic clearwater infiltration into the sewers Inorganic (ash) 50% Organic (volatile) 50% Suspended (>1 µm) 45% (15% inorg) (30% org) Dissolved inorg. 35% Dissolved organic 20% Non-settleable inorganic 40% Settleable (“>10µm”) 25% (10% inorg ; (15% organic) Non-settleable organic 35%

23. Revised design and operation of roadside gully-pots In Brussels-City the traditional gully-pot type is (ductile iron) 177E type designed decades ago.

24. PAH contamination of fine particles : Streets and traffic μg / g low medium highway busy street

25. Flow (m3/s)

26. combined sewer overflow structure

27. Impact of sewage discharges and CSOs upon freshwater ecosystems

28. Influence of antecedent dry-weather period Flow rate (m3/s) evacuated by Brussels main combined sewer

29. Influence of antecedent dry-weather period TSS (g/l)

30. stormwater tank

33. Cumulative Suspended Solids Load Volume (cumulative discharge)

34. Brussels main sewer CSOs (summer)

35. Effect of rain events upon the concentration of TSS incoming into WWTPs (Walloon Region 2006) TSS flux cumulated full year / TSS flux for dry spells only Volume cumulated full year / Total volume for dry spells only