The Progressive Era 1880-1920

1. The Progressive Era1880-1920 APUSH Chapter 28

2. Essential Questions • Why was a “reform” movement necessary during the late 19th century? • How did industrialization, immigration, & urbanization contribute to this movement? • Who were the progressive reformers? (social class)

3. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire 1911 Spirit p. 213

4. Progressive Era Amendments • 17th Amendment: Direct election of Senators • 18th Amendment: Prohibition of Alcohol • 19th Amendment: Women’s suffrage Significance of initiative, referendum, & recall?

5. Progressive Roots • Well before 1900, politicians and writers had begun to pinpoint targets for the progressive attack • Henry Demarest Lloyd assailed the Standard Oil Company in 1894 • Wealth Against Commonwealth •  Jacob A. Riis shocked middle-class Americans in 1890 with • How the Other Half Lives which described the dark and dirty slums of New York

6. Muckrakers • Journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business during early 20th century • Expose unethical/unfair business practices • Expose abuse of power by big business • Fought to end child labor • Expose unsanitary & unsafe conditions

7. Raking the Muck • Popular magazines,(McClure’s, Collier’s), began to appear in American newsstands in 1902 • They exposed the corruption and scandal that the public loved to hate • These were very popular with the average citizen, but much less so with the wealthy

8. Jacob Riis Riis’s book showed the plight of the urban poor, mostly immigrants who were forced to live in small cramped spaces that lacked adequate sanitation or ventilation

9. Famous Muckraker Wrote The Jungle Exposes unsanitary conditions of the meat packing industry Greatly influenced others to investigate businesses Upton Sinclair

10. Who was her main target? Why? Ida Tarbell John Rockefeller

11. Famous book? The Shame of the Cities “I have been over into the future, and it works." Lincoln Steffens

12. Progressive Governors • Robert M. LaFollette  • Governor of Wisconsin • Took power back from big business (1901) • Emerged as a leading figure in the Progressive movement • Hiram W. Johnson • Governor of California • Broke the power of the Southern Pacific Railroad in state politics (1910)

13. Reform movement? Why did she challenge the 14th & 15th Amendments? Was she successful? Women’s suffrage amendment? Spirit p. 224 Carrie Chapman Catt

14. Associated with which reforms? Child labor Minimum Wage 8 hour workdays Florence Kelley

15. Progressive Women • Female activists worked through various organizations • Women's Trade Union League • National Consumers League • Led by Florence Kelly (1899) • Mobilized female consumers to pressure government for laws safeguarding women and children in the workplace

16. 26th president of U.S. (1901 – 1909) Gained fame in Spanish American War First modern president: transformed presidency into the strong executive office it is today Roosevelt saw the presidency as a “bully pulpit” from which he could influence news and shape legislation Theodore Roosevelt Increased the power and prestige of the presidency

17. Square Deal • Various progressive reforms sponsored by Roosevelt to help common citizens • Fight big business (trust-busting) • Regulate the railroads • Est. health guidelines for food industry • Conserve natural resources &Est. National Parks

18. TR the Trustbuster • The Progressive movement needed a President to take on the Trusts • In 1902, President Roosevelt challenged the Northern Securities Company (Trust) • They sought to achieve a monopoly of the railroads in the Northwest • The Supreme Court sided with the President and the trust was dissolved

19. Consumer Protection • Backed by the public, President Roosevelt passed the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 • The public had been sickened by the Sinclair novel, The Jungle • The act stated that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection • Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 • Designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals

20. John Muir Newlands Act of 1902

21. The “Roosevelt Panic” of 1907 • A panic descended upon Wall Street in 1907 • The financial world blamed the panic on President Roosevelt for unsettling the industries with his anti-trust tactics • Congress passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act in 1908 • Authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral

22. TR decides not to run for a 3rd term in 1908 Seeks someone to continue his progressive policies William H. Taft Who does Taft run against in 1908? The Rough Rider Thunders Out

23. How did Taft fare as President? Compare Taft to another former President. Suffered from “foot in mouth disease” In what two areas did Taft make progress as President? William Howard Taft

24. Improve financialopportunities for American businesses. Use private capital tofurther U. S. interestsoverseas. The U.S. should create stability abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests. U.S. policy of using economic power to exert influence on other countries Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”

25. Taft brought 90 suits against trusts – double that of TR Taft pursues an anti-trust suit against U.S. Steel Corp TR had personally protected this trust Payne-Aldrich Bill infuriates progressives Stage is set for major problems in the Rep party Taft the Trustbuster

26. Republican party splinters behind TR & Taft Election of 1912 Taft – Republicans Wilson – Democrats Roosevelt – Progressives Debs – Socialists TR vs. Taft Taft Roosevelt Wilson Debs