PROGRESSIVE ERA 1890s-1920

1. PROGRESSIVEERA1890s-1920 A21w 9.2.13

2. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • Who were the Progressives? • What reforms did they seek? • How successful were Progressive Era reforms in the period 1890-1920? Consider: political change, social change (industrial conditions, urban life, women, prohibition)

3. ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVE REFORM

4. Progressivism WHO?“Progressives” • urban middle-class:managers & professionals; women WHY?Address the problems arising from: • industrialization (big business, labor strife) • urbanization (slums, political machines, corruption) • immigration (ethnic diversity) • inequality & social injustice (women & racism) WHEN? “Progressive Reform Era” 1890s 1901 1917 1920s

5. Progressivism WHAT are their goals? • Democracy – government accountable to the people • Regulation of corporations & monopolies • Social justice – workers, poor, minorities • Environmental protection HOW? • Government (laws, regulations, programs) • Efficiency • value experts, use of scientific study to determine the best solution

6. “Muckrakers” Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives (1890) Ida Tarbell – “TheHistory of the Standard Oil Co.” (1902) Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of the Cities (1904) Upton Sinclair- The Jungle Origins of Progressivism Ida Tarbell Lincoln Steffens

7. MUNICIPAL & STATE REFORMS

8. Progressive Legislation • Municipal Reforms • Commission System • Voters elect 5 commissioners with expertise to head city departments • City-Manager Plan • Voters elect a city council to make laws, council hires a qualified manager to run city • Both attempt to run government more efficiently

9. MUNICIPAL REFORM council-manager plan (Dayton, 1913) strong mayor system MAYOR COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER CITY SERVICES COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER CITY MANAGER CITY SERVICES

10. Progressive Legislation • State Reforms • Direct Primary • An election where voters choose the candidates who will later run in a general election • 17th Amendment • U.S. Senators will now be elected by the people- popular vote (and NOT by state legislators) more democratic

11. Progressive Legislation • Secret Ballot • Voters could not be pressured to vote for certain candidates- Hurt political machines • Initiative • Allows voters to introduce NEW legislation with signatures on a petition • Referendum • Allows voters to CHANGE a law already in place, also done with signatures • Recall • Allows voters to REMOVE an elected official from office by holding a new election

12. STATE SOCIAL REFORMS • professional social workers • settlement houses- education, culture, day care • child labor laws • Enable education & advancement for working class children

13. STATE SOCIAL REFORMS • workplace & labor reforms • eight-hour work day • improved safety & health conditions in factories • workers compensation laws • minimum wage laws • unionization • child labor laws Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, 1913

14. State Social Reform: Child Labor “Breaker Boys” Pennsylvania, 1911 Child Laborers in Indiana Glass Works, Midnight, Indiana. 1908 Shrimp pickers in Peerless Oyster Co. Bay St. Louis, Miss., March 3, 1911 Child Laborer, Newberry, S.C. 1908

15. Settlement Houses • Settlement Houses • Tried to bridge the gap between social classes • Almost like communes for recent immigrants • Hull-House – Jane Addams Jane Addams (1905) Hull-House Complex in 1906

16. TEMPERANCE • Temperance Crusade • Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) • Anti-Saloon League Frances Willard (1838-98), leader of the WCTU Anti-Saloon League Campaign, Dayton

17. Prohibition • Women’s Christian Temperance Union (example) • Group that led fight against alcohol, wanted prohibition • Believed alcohol was responsible for unemployment, crime, and divorce • Carrie Nation was a radical temperance crusader. Smashed saloons with hatchet • Accomplished goal with passage of 18th Amendment

18. TEMPERANCE & PROHIBITION • Eighteenth Amendment Prohibition on the Eve of the 18th Amendment, 1919

19. NATIONAL REFORM Roosevelt, Taft & Wilson as Progressive presidents

20. ESSENTIAL QUESTION How effective were Progressive Era reformers and the federal government in bringing about reform at the national level in the period 1900-1920?

21. Assassination of President McKinley,Sept6, 1901

22. Theodore Roosevelt:the “accidental President”Republican (1901-1909) (The New-York Historical Society)

23. Progressive Presidents-Roosevelt • ‘Square Deal’ became TR’s 1904 campaign slogan • three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection • Settled Strikes • United Mine Workers went on strike to get better pay and fewer hours • TR was arbitrator-third neutral party listens to both sides and settles dispute

24. Roosevelt: Trust-Buster • Trust busting: breaking up monopolies • Distinguished between “good” trusts and “bad” trusts. • Kept eye on “good” trusts to make sure they did not take advantage of consumers • Filed 44 anti-trust lawsuits against “bad” trusts

25. Consumer Protection • Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle • Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) • Meat Inspection Act (1906) Chicago Meatpacking Workers, 1905 "A nauseating job, but it must be done"

26. Consumer Issues • Meat Inspection Act of 1906 • prevent adulterated or misbranded meat and meat products from being sold as food and to ensure that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions. • Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 • ban foreign and interstate traffic in adulterated or mislabeled food and drug products • required that active ingredients be placed on the label of a drug’s packaging and that drugs could not fall below purity levels • Interstate Commerce Commission regulated shipping between states, mainly controlled prices

27. Roosevelt & Conservation • Believed strongly in Conservation (saving forest) • Wanted to save nation’s forests by preventing short sighted over cutting • Started National Park Service(1906) • Used the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 • U.S. Forest Service Gifford Pinchot • White House conference on conservation -1908 Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot, 1907 Theodore Roosevelt & John Muir at Yosemite1906

28. CONSERVATION:National Parks and Forests

29. William Howard TaftPresident 1909-13Republican Postcard with Taft cartoon

30. Accomplishments of Taft • William Howard Taft • Filed 90 anti-trust suits including Standard Oil and American Tobacco • 16th Amendment • allows the Congress to levy an income tax • 17th Amendment • Created Department of Labor: enforces labor laws • Passed mine safety laws • Established 8 hour workday for companies doing business w/ federal govt.

31. Taft • Taft angered many Progressives • Progressive favored lower tariffs to help consumers • Taft signed a bill that raised tariffs • Ballinger-Pinchot Affair • Taft’s Secretary of Interior, Richard Ballinger allowed for the sale of vast amounts of timber in Alaska • Head of US Forest Service, Gifford Pinchot criticized Ballinger for selling out • Taft fired Pinchot

32. Taft • Passed Mann-Elkins Act that extended powers of ICC (interstate commerce commission) to telephone/telegraph • Established Federal Children’s Bureau • Did not agree with “bully pulpit” for prez Taft throwing out first pitch at a baseball game. 1st President to do this.

33. Election of 1912 • Woodrow Wilson • Progressive Party (“Bull Moose party”) • “New Freedom”-campaign slogan (Taft has) “…completely twisted around the policies I advocated and acted upon.” -Theodore Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson Theodore Roosevelt cartoon, March 1912

34. Wilson: Accomplishments • Underwood Tariff- • reduced tariffs- lowered prices for consumers • Federal Reserve Act • 3 Level banking system that controls the flow of money in the US by controlling interest rates • Clayton Anti-Trust Act • Broadened and strengthened the Sherman Act (1890) • Federal Trade Commission • Est. to investigate corporations so they are not fraudulent or corrupt • Workmen’s Compensation • provided benefits to workers hurt on the job

35. Accomplishments • 18th Amendment: • established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages :the production, transport and sale of alcohol is illegal (though not the consumption or private possession) • 19th Amendment: • prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex Video Quiz

36. WOMEN & SUFFRAGE

37. ESSENTIALQUESTION To what extent did economic and political developments as well as the assumptions about the nature of women affect the position of American women during the period 1890-1925?

38. WOMEN • “women’s professions” • “new woman” • clubwomen A local club for nurses was formed in New York City in 1894. Here the club members are pictured in their clubhouse reception area. (Photo courtesy of the Women's History and Resource Center, General Federation of Women's Clubs.) The Women's Club of Madison, Wisconsin conducted classes in food,nutrition, and sewing for recent immigrants. (Photo courtesy of the Women's History and Resource Center, General Federation of Women's Clubs.)

39. Women’s Suffrage • National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) • Carrie Chapman Catt Ohio Woman Suffrage Headquarters, Cleveland, 1912

40. Woman suffrage before 1920

41. Women’s Suffrage • Alice Paul • National Woman’s Party • Nineteenth Amendment • Equal Rights Amendment Suffragette Banner 1918 19th Amendment National Woman’s Party members picketing in front of the White House, 1917 (All: Library of Congress)

42. RACE RELATIONS

43. ESSENTIAL QUESTION Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois offered different strategies for dealing with the problems of poverty and discri-mination faced by black Americans at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries. How appropriate were each of these strategies (considering the context in which each was developed)?

44. Black Population, 1920

45. African-Americans • Booker T. Washington • W.E.B. Du Bois • Niagara Movement • “talented tenth” • NAACP W.E.B. Du Bois Booker T. Washington