Federal Republic of Nigeria

1. Federal Republic of Nigeria BY: Meghan Brophy, Greer Hampton, Mackenzie Magid, Kieran McElvaney, and Rachel Vahey

3. Nigeria Quick Facts • President: Goodluck Jonathan • Population: 174,507,539 (July 2013 est.) • Official Language: English • Independence-1960 • Constitution-1999 • Unfinished State • National Question

4. Quick Government Facts • Federal System • Bicameral 36 States • 774 Local Government Areas • 1970s-Centralization-Why?

5. Executives • HOS & HOG: President Goodluck Jonathan • Single Executive System

6. The President • Goodluck Jonathan • People’s Democratic Party • Commander-in-chief • Powers

7. The Vice President • Mohammed NamadiSambo • Participates in all cabinet meetings • Powers

8. Elections • Multi-Party • Patron Client Relations • People’s Democratic Party (PDP) • Plurality System • Run offs • INEC Final result, showing the states won by Jonathan (in green), Buhari (red), and Ribadu (blue).

9. The INEC (Independent National Electoral Commission) • Free, fair and credible • Overseers • Autonomous • Provides transparency

10. The Cabinet • Appointed by President • Provides services • Parastatals • Oversee 19 ministries • Presidential Minister • Ministers of the State

11. National Assembly (Legislature) • Bicameral • Symmetric • Presidential System- Separation • Upper House- Senate • Lower House- House of Representatives

12. The Senate • 3 senators from 36 states • 1 senator from capital territory • Plurality System • Powers

13. The House of Representatives • Based on US System • Plurality System • Powers

14. Recent Elections in National Assembly • Senate- PDP Majority • House of Representatives- PDP Majority • Executive- PDP Control

15. Political Parties • People’s Democratic Party (PDP) • All Nigeria’s People’s Party (ANPP) • Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) • Action Congress Nigeria (ACN)

16. Interest Groups State corporatism: a political system in which interest groups become an institutionalized part of the state or dominant political party; public policy is typically the result of negotiations among representatives of the state and key interest groups

17. Labor Unions • National Petroleum Employees Union (NUPENG) • Nigeria Labor Congress

18. Business Interests • Collaboration with military interest • Some economic reform • Nigerian Association of Chambers of Commerce, Industry, Mines, and Agriculture (NACCIMA)- largest group in the country

19. Human Rights Groups • Protested abuses of the Babangida and Abacha regimes • Remain active promotes of democratic reform • Loosely connected

20. Bureaucracy • Prebendalism: an extreme form of patron-clientalism in which public offices are treated as personal fiefdoms. • “Loyalty pyramid”: network of supports • Pyramids often reflect ethnic and religious affiliations

21. Roles in Policy Making • President proposes policy which are filtered through the “Big Men” • Policies often blocked or significantly altered

22. Military • “truly national” • Strong influence from history of military rule • Charged with protecting the state, promoting Nigeria’s global security interests, and supporting peacekeeping efforts • “military in government” • “military in barracks” • State Security Service • National Intelligence Agency

23. Judiciary • Autonomy • Judicial review • Types of law -Common -Traditional -Shari’a

24. Conflict in the Courts • Shari’a law contradicts with Nigeria’s secular constitution • Zamfara 1999

25. Supreme Court • Chief justice and 15 justices • Members are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the National Judicial Council • Confirmed by the Senate • Serve until age 65

26. Political Culture • Since 1960s more skepticism • Lack of legitimacy towards authority (elites) • Lack sense of nationhood

27. Political Culture • Ethnicity divisions • Patron-clientelism (prebendalism) • Modernity vs. Tradition • Poverty

28. Political Socialization • Family • Religion • School • Media

29. Political Cleavage • Ethnicity (south) • Religion (hard to differentiate up north) • Geography

30. Nationalities • Hausa-Fulani (Islamic) • Largest ethnic group • Yoruba (muslim) • Igbo (one creator, Chineke, Chukwu)

31. Media • Controlled at federal and regional levels • About 90 million viewers, concentrated in urban • Heavily censored (journalist arrests and deaths)

32. Political Participation • Rural residents extremely low -Women don’t vote in these areas • Urban areas have opinionated, proactive individuals -mostly dissatisfied with how government handles social issues • Incredibly slow-to-change government, values would take forever to change

33. Protests • Biafran Civil War • Boko Haram (militant Islamic group) • -Bombed newspaper offices in Abuja and Kaduna • 1963- Igbo census women sent to north and sparked protest • Niger Delta Violence (MEND)

34. Women • DO NOT vote in north, very little respect in north • 1987- Maryam Babangida became First Lady • “Better Life for Rural Women” campaign • EW women get official positions • Still seen widely as caretakers of the family

35. Other Nationalities • Ijaw (involved in MEND) • Kanuri, Pidgin • Important to oil economy

36. Political History • 1960-Independence from Great Britain(Becomes a republic in ‘63) • 1983 Buhari Military coup • 1985 Peaceful overthrowing of Buhari and Babangida comes into power • 1993-Coup Resulting in Abacha taking control • 1998-Abubakar takes control after Abacha dies • 2011-Goodluck Jonathan wins in a fair election • 07-11 first ever transfer from civilian government to civilian government

37. Social Movements • Homosexuality • Occupy Nigeria • Work reform • Women’s rights • Rich v. Poor • REFORMS

38. Political Changes • Election of Goodluck Jonathan • Anticorruption • Electoral reforms • Modernization • Transformation agenda • Rift in PDP • Firing of Cabinet • Democratization • “Federal character”

39. Economic Change • Roadmap for power sector reforms • Youth Enterprise with innovation in Nigeria(YOUWIN) • Focus on economic diplomacy and connect foreign and domestic policy • Oil still is main profit source • IMF says no change in standard of living despite global economy • Joint ventures between state and private(Oil)

40. Relationships Between Changes • Extreme corruption • Local allocation of oil funds • Oil is central to economy and government • Privatization • Denationalizing

41. Globalization • ¼ of US’s Oil • OPEC • Sense of fear in trade • Niger Delta

42. Influences on policy making • Military • Presidency • Political elite

43. Supranational influences on public policy • Member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth, The African Union, and OPEC • International Monetary fund and the World Bank

44. Economic Issues • The oil dependency • Rentier state: receive more income by exporting their oil and leasing out oil fields to foreign companies • Poverty

45. Human Rights • Worse during the military rule • Developed elaborate sections of the constitution about civil rights

46. Public health • HIV/AIDS • Even more need for an adequate health care system

47. Environmental • Oil • Oil • Oil

48. Corruption • Oil revenues being pocketed • Causes even more distrust in the government

49. Terrorism • Relatively terror free between 1967-1970 • Said to have begun in October of 1986 (Mr. Dele Giwa) • 2010