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Federal Republic of Nigeria

Federal Republic of Nigeria. Capital: Abuja. MAJOR ISSUES. FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA. Federal Republic of Nigeria. Capital: Abuja. Hausa-Fulani (29%) Yoruba (21%) Igbo (18%) Ijaw (10%). Nigeria: ethnic divisions. www.bbc.co.uk.

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Federal Republic of Nigeria

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  1. Federal Republic of Nigeria Capital: Abuja

  2. MAJOR ISSUES FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA

  3. Federal Republic of Nigeria Capital: Abuja

  4. Hausa-Fulani (29%) Yoruba (21%) Igbo (18%) Ijaw (10%) Nigeria: ethnic divisions www.bbc.co.uk

  5. http://bauzeitgeist.blogspot.com/2011/09/african-borders-make-african-states.htmlhttp://bauzeitgeist.blogspot.com/2011/09/african-borders-make-african-states.html

  6. Muslim (50%) Christian (40%) Indigenous Beliefs (10%) Nigeria: religious divisions www.getreligion.org

  7. 1800s: Fulani migrated into northern region. • Spread of ISLAM • 1500-1800: Southern region • European trade: spread of CHRISTIANITY • impacted by slave trade. Nigerian history: pre-colonial (before 1860)

  8. British Colony • North and South administered differently • Indirect Rule • North: Local Muslim rule • Minimal British supervision • South: Traditional colonial regime • British bureaucrats • British-trained indigenous • Introduced Western-style education • Mostly in the South • Privileged elite class • Deepened North/South division The colonial era (1860-1960)

  9. First Republic (1960-66) • Parliamentary Govt. after transition to independence. • Civil War and Military Rule (1966-79) • Military coup ended “First Republic” • Began era of military dictatorships • Transition of power • Quick, violent & illegitimate • 4 coups d’etat Era since independence (1960-present)

  10. Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970) • Ethnic-based • Igbo attempt to break away • Form REPUBLIC OF BIAFRA. • Bloody war and starvation tactics led to 500,000- 3 million deaths. • Biafra defeated. Civil War and Military Rule (1966-79) www.blackpast.org

  11. How does Nigeria’s experience with the Igbo and Biafra compare with other countries we have studied? • Britain • Russia • China • Mexico Comparative politics

  12. OlusegunObasanjo (1976-1979) • Military dictator • Voluntarily transitioned to democracy • 1979: New Constitution • Created a Presidential System similar to U.S. • Ineffective president • Overthrown by a military coup (1983) Second republic (1979-1983)

  13. CHARACTERISTICS • More coups • More promises of democracy • Competition among generals based on ethnicity. • Institutionalized Corruption • Massive abuse of oil revenues • PATRON-CLIENT SYSTEM Military rule (1983-1993; 1994-1999)

  14. Elections were held. Results annulled by military leader. Coup replaced old military leader. 1983PERIOD OF MILITARY RULE1999 Third republic, 1993 Third Republic, 1993

  15. 1999… Another Constitution • (9th since 1914) • OlusegunObasanjo: (1999-2007) • Elected president for two terms • Military dictator in 1970s • UmaruYar’Adua: (2007-2010) • Died in office • Goodluck Jonathan: (2010-present) • Was Yar’Adua’s VP • Won the 2011 election Fourth republic (1999-Present)

  16. Established 1998 • Oversaw widespread voter fraud in 1999, 2003, & 2007. • AttahiruJega • Appointed in 2010 Independent national electoral commission (Inec)

  17. Describe the multiple difficulties INEC faced leading up to the 2011 election. “Nigeria has yet to hold a credible election” Human Rights Watch after 2007 election “Academic Tackles chaos of elections in nigeria”

  18. Difficulties for inec

  19. Difficulties for inec

  20. Goodluck Jonathan People’s Democratic Party (PDP) • Ijaw Christian • Negotiated cease fire with Niger Delta militants. • Incumbent Advantage? • Power of patronage • Appointments & contracts • Access to oil revenue 2011 Presidential election

  21. 2011 presidential election MuhammeduBuhari Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) CPC broke away from All Nigeria People’s Party (ANPP) • Fulani Muslim • Former military dictator (‘83-’85) NuhuRibadu Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) • Hausa-Fulani Muslim • Former Chairman of Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC)

  22. 2011 presidential election • 17 other candidates also received votes.

  23. 2011 presidential elections

  24. PDP Plan: Presidency rotates every two terms. Muslim from the North Christian from the South PROBLEM Obasanjo: Christian from South had two terms Yar’Adua (Muslim) died in office after three years. Jonathan (Christian) finished Yar’Adua’s term, and ran again. Muslims didn’t think Jonathan should run. PDP power sharing: “zoning”

  25. Directly elected by the people. • Winner must receive: • Majority of votes, AND • 25% of vote in 2/3 of the states. • Otherwise, the top two have a run-off WHY? • President needs NATIONAL mandate. Presidential electoral system

  26. Legitimacy: 2011 presidential election Good News Bad News

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