Musculoskeletal System

1. Musculoskeletal System

2. Inflammatory Disorders • Presentations • Rheumatoid Arthritis • Ankylosing spondylitis • Osteomyelitis • Bursitis

3. Degenerative Disorders • Osteoporosis • Osteoarthritis DJD/Degenerative Joint Disease • Total Joint Arthroplasty

4. Osteoporosis • Increased porosity in the bone • Common disorder of bone metabolism • Decreased mineral and protein matrix • Bone brittle, fragile • Prone to fractures

5. Osteoporosis • 10 million people in United States have Osteoporosis • Another 34 million have low bone density, which puts them at risk for Osteoporosis • 80% of affected are women • 1.5 million fractures occur each year related to Osteoporosis

6. Osteoporosis • Silent disease • No symptoms of bone loss • May have 50% loss prior to diagnosis • Multiple fractures may cause decrease in height • Only diagnosed by BMD • Bone Mineral Density • Painless • Non-invasive • safe

7. Osteoporosis • Risk Factors • Small bones • Advanced age • Family history • Post-menopause with out estrogen replacement • Eating disorders • Low calcium diet • Inactive activity • Smoking • Increased alcohol consumption • Use of corticosteroids or anticonvulsant medications

8. Medical-Surgical Management • Pharmacological four medications – • Estrogen • Fosamax • Miacalcin • Testosterone • No cure • Prevention

9. Osteoporsis • Diet • Activity

10. Nursing Process • Assessment • Subjective Data

11. Objective Data

12. Dowager’s Hump

13. Degenerative Joint Disease/DJDOsteoarthritis • NOT inflammatory • Wear and tear disease • Slow, steady, progressive destruction of the joint • Etiology unknown • Most common form of arthritis

14. Osteoarthritis or DJD • Symptoms • Early morning stiffness • Pain after physical activity • Joint enlargement • Bouchard’s nodes • Heberden’s nodes • Hypertrophic spurs • Distal interphalanges • Hard, painless

15. Heberden’s Nodes

16. Heberden’s Nodes Heberden’s nodes.

17. Bouchard’s Nodes

18. Osteoarthritis • Diagnostic tests • Radiographic studies • Arthroscopy • Synovial fluid examination • Bone scans

19. Osteoarthritis • Medical management/nursing interventions • Surgery

20. Total Joint Arthroplasty • Joint replacement • Replacement of both articular surfaces with in a joint capsule • Hip, knee, shoulder and fingers are most common sites • Replacement consist of metal and polyethylene

21. Total Joint Arthroplasty • Older method of cemented in prepared bone is not used as often • New technology uses porous coated cement-less artificial joint component. This allows bone to grow into the joint and less prosthesis failure noted.

22. Total Hip Replacement • Replacement of severely damaged hip with an artificial joint • Usually people over 60 years • Severe pain, irreversible damage to hip joints

23. Hip Replacement • Potential problems • Dislocation of prosthesis • Excessive wound drainage • Infection

24. Following Hip Replacement • Client’s hip and leg to be kept in position of adduction and extension • Knees are apart by abductor pillow or by using foam wedges • Entire leg to be supported when turning side to side • AVOID ACUTE FLEXION OF THE HIP

25. Following Hip Replacement • Fracture bed pan should be used • Raised toilet seat in bathroom • Vital signs, circulation, movement and sensation checks (CMS) to be done frequently • Inspect dressing frequently • Monitor drainage from portable suction device (JP Drainage) can be as high as 200 -500 cc. With in 48 hours should be less than 30 cc and suction devices can be removed.

26. Client Goals after Hip Replacement • Ambulate independently • Out of bed the night of the surgery or the next day • Gait training begins so that client can use crutches or cane • FLEXION OF KNEE TO BE AVOIDED • No more than 90 degrees • No stair climbing for three months

27. Total Knee Replacement • Severe pain and functional disability related to joint destruction • Following knee replacement clients may use CPM continuous passive motion machine which helps increase circulation to operative area and promotes flexibility with in he knee joint.

28. Knee Replacement • Following surgery…. • Knee to be imoblized • Firm compression dressing • Adjustable soft knee immobilizer • Transfer to chair ok, but NO WEIGHT BEARING is allowed on knee until ordered my MD

29. Total knee replacement • SCD – Sequential Compression Device may be used or • TED hose – Anti embolism stocking worn to minimize the development of thrombophlebitis • Rehabilitation starts second day • When patient is sitting knee should be elevated • Weight bearing should start with in 1- 2 days

30. Nursing Management • Cough and deep breathe • Use trapeze to raise hips off bed for bedpan use

31. NursingAssessment • Nursing Assessment should include… • Neurovascular assessment of affected extremity • Incision assessment • Vital signs • Lung sounds • Pedal pulses • Intake and output

32. Nursing Assessment • Irritablity • Restlessness • Orientation • Neurovascular assessment for pain, numbness, tingling and paresthesia

33. Objective Assessment • Incision assessment for • Approximation • Redness • Drainage • Skin color

34. Assessment • Other assessments • Tachypnea • Dyspnea • Hypoxia • Crackles and wheezes ( s/s of fat embolism) • Position of affected part

35. Care Plans • Divide in to groups and create care plans