World Meteorological Organization Working together in weather, climate and water

1. World Meteorological OrganizationWorking together in weather, climate and water ACTIVITIES OF THE BELGRADE DREAM MODELLING GROUP IN THE PERIOD 2012-2014 G. Pejanovic, S. Nickovic South East European Climate Change Center (SEEVCCC), Republic Hydrometeorological Service Belgrade,, Serbia SDS-WAS RSG Meeting, Castellaneta Marina, Italy, 6 June, 2014

2. Highlights • Assimilation • Mineralogy • Dust-cloud interaction • High-resolution modelling

3. Assimilation

4. Early attempts (2002) at assimilation of EARLINET data in DREAM • For a selected dust intrusion into Europe assemble EARLINET lidar profiles from Munich, Aberystwyth, Barcelona, Leipzig, Neuchatel • objective analyses of lidar dat with a successive correction method. • mixing lidar profiles and predicted concentration; • Bscat coefficients mass concentration Ansmann et al. (2003)

5. DIFFERENCE: (ASSIM-NOASSIM) 2 km concentration (g/m^3)‏

6. Assimilation of dust aerosol in the SEEVCCC-DREAM8 model (2010) • DREAM8 • 8 particle size version • Operational assimilation from February 2010 at SEE-VCCC (Belgrade) • ECMWF daily MODIS aerosol assimilation used as a background field

7. DUST OPERATIONAL FORECAST SYSTEM WITH ASSIMILATION OF SATELLITE AEROSOL OPTICAL DATA Nickovic et al, 2012

8. Assimilation: plans of the Belgrade DREAM group In collaboration with ACTRIS/EARLINET (Potenza IMAA-CNR; NOA/Athens group; Bucharest, …) • to perform experiments with ingested lidar observations • to combine lidars with assimilated Satellite AOD

9. Dust mineralogy dataset

10. Why mineralogy of dust is important? Fe and P embedded in dust ocean nutrients Cloud ice nucleation (IN)sensitive to dust mineral composition; Breaking news: Atkinson et al 2013, Nature: Feldspar by far most efficient IN Radiationabsorption/reflection depends on dust colour Fe as an enhancement factor inmeningitisoutbreaks (Thompson, 2008) and in bacterial infections, in general 10

11. DREAM-Fe model: • Use of the new 1 km global mineralogy database in a dust-Fe regional model • A new dust-Fe regional model based on DREAM model • Parameterization of Fe solubility as a function of dust mineralogy • Simulations for several Atlantic cruises

12. GMINER30 database • Mineralogy database - a precondition for studying Fe atmospheric transport • 1 km global • 9 mineralsin arid soils • Data used: • FAO soil types (4km) • USGS land cover (1km) • STATSGO textures (1km) • Claquin et al (1999) table (minerals vs. soil types) Nickovic et al., (2012), ACP GMINER30 available athttp://www.seevccc.rs/GMINER30/

13. Geographic distribution of: • Quartz, b) Illite, c) Kaolinite, d) Smectite, e) Feldspar, • f) Calcite, g) Hematite, h) Gypsum and i) Phosphorus

14. Iron in dust – transport and deposition to ocean

15. Most Fe modelling studies assume 3.5% Fe in sources • 1-km Fe fraction (%) - a missing puzzle in dust-Fe models is now available; Fe – spatially distributed

16. ATMOSPHERIC IRON PROCESSING AND OCEAN PRODUCTIVITY

17. Iron forms in aerosol • structural iron embedded in the crystal lattice of alumino-silicates referred as‘‘free-iron’’; • oxide/hydroxide iron referred as‘‘iron oxides”. (Lafon et al., 2004) Journet et al. (2008) showed that mineralogy is a critical factor for iron solubilization.

18. Tracers in DREAM-Fe • Emission, advection, vertical mixing, wet/dry deposition • Tracer concentration equations • dust (C) • total Fe (T) • free Fe (F) • soluble (S) Fe chemical transformation: first order reaction kinetics How to model K ?

19. K from GMINER30 Markers: sampling sites (Shi et al. 2011) Sampled F/T Fe ratio GMINER30 F/T Fe ratio F/T ratio from GMINER30

20. Total Fe Free Fe Fe solubility

21. Dust and cold cloud generation

22. Ice nucleation (IN) and role of dust/mineralogy • More than 60% of clouds start as cold clouds • A key climate and weather factor • Aerosol impact on clouds one of least known processes (IPCC) • Lidars, cloud radars – important source of information for aerosol and clouds • Initial work in collaboration with • IMAA-CNR Potenza • ETH • AEMET (Izana Observatory)

23. Heterogeneous cloud freezing

26. IN parameterizations in DREAM • IN - a function of dust C, T and moisture • Parameterizations tested: • Niemand et al (2012) • DeMott (2010)

27. Physical and mineralogical features of Saharan dust over Eastern Atlantic: Experiment simulated by DREAM dust model • model-simulated physical and chemical features of Saharan dust transported towards Canary Islands, • DREAM extended with a new prognostic parameters as tracers –: Illite and kaolinite; feldspar; calcite; # ice nuclei (IN) • IN calculated using DeMott et al (2012) empirical parameterizations. • DREAM model - horizontal resolution 25km. • support of the CALIMA (Cloud Affecting particles In mineral dust from the Sahara) 2013 field campaign conducted by ETH Zürich, Switzerland and Izaña Atmospheric Research Centre, AEMET, Spain.

28. August 2013 Canaries field experiment – DREAM simulation outputshttp://aerosoli.com/

29. 20 Aug 21 Aug 22 Aug Model Tenerife, MPL

30. 23 Aug Model Tenerife, MPL

31. Preliminary work on comparing model vs Potenza obs (lidar, cloud radar) • Raman lidar • Advantage: detecting both clouds and dust • Disadvantage: short periods of obs time • Ka-band cloud radar (MIRA-35) • Advantage: continous obs of cloud structure • Disadvantage: no dust detected

32. 01May 03May 05May 07May 09May 11May 13May 15May 01-04 06May 09-12 06May 18-02 06May 02-05 07May 10-13 07May 13-15 07May Cloud radar Raman lidar 16-19 07May 20-23 07May 01-03 08May 03-06 08May 06-09 08May

33. High-resolution modelling

34. High resolution numerical simulation of the dust event Vukovic et al., 2014, Atmos. Chem. Phys. • Challenges: • convective storms with strong vertical movements • potential dust sources in the SW US are mainly local, • dust sources in the SW US can be seasonal, from cropland and other areas • that don’t have vegetation due to agricultural practice or drought conditions • Numerical simulation set up: • coupled atmospheric-dust regional model NMME-DREAM • NMME – Non-hydrostatic Mesoscale Model on the E-grid (NOAA/NCEP) • DREAM – Dust REgional Atmospheric Model • horizontal resolution: 3.7 km • start: July 5th, 2011 at 00 UTC ; forecast for 48 hours ; hourly outputs • mask of potential dust sources created using MODIS satellite data

35. Haboob dynamics Cross-section of a thunderstorm creating an outflow boundary and haboob (Source: Desert Meteorology. Thomas T. Warner. 2004.)

36. International SDS Workshop, Teheran, Iran, October 2011 7:45 PM Phoenix as the dust storm neared. Phoenix (Arizona) Haboob, 5 July 2005

37. MCD12Q1 barren land cover 2009 vs. 2005 gray: both barren yellow: 2005 barren 2009 not barren red: 2005 not barren 2009 barren

38. Mask of potential dust sources Dust sources mask (bare land fraction) on NMM-DREAM resolution of 3.7 km Land Cover Data – annually updated selected types that can be dust productive: barren or sparsely vegetated, cropland, natural vegetation, open shrubland NDVI Data – updated every 16 days selected non-vegetated areas with NDVI < 0.1 for open shrubland category: NDVI < 0.1 100 % bare NDVI from 0.11 to 0.13 fraction of bare soil decreases linearly from 70 % to 30 %.

39. International SDS Workshop, Teheran, Iran, October 2011 DUST SIMULATION – 6-km model 10m WIND MAGNITUDE Successful simulation of the Phoenix haboob (Chapman University dust modelling group) Phoenix Phoenix NASA Applied Science support led to this high-resolution forecast & simulation capability W.A.Sprigg, S. Nickovic, G. Pejanovic, A. Vukovic

40. NMME-DREAM PM10 dust concentration vertical cross section 1500 m 1500 m 1500 m 1500 m

41. Observed and modeled PM10 for 11 Maricopa measuring stations

42. Thank you