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DNA and Chromosomes

DNA and Chromosomes. DNA, Chromosome Centromere, telomere, replication origin Nucleosome, Chromatin, Histone: H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4 Histone octamer, DNA packaging DNA binding proteins, Histone modifications. Lampbrush chromosomes (amphibian oocyte).

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DNA and Chromosomes

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  1. DNA and Chromosomes

  2. DNA, Chromosome • Centromere, telomere, replication origin • Nucleosome, Chromatin, • Histone: H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4 • Histone octamer, DNA packaging • DNA binding proteins, Histone modifications

  3. Lampbrush chromosomes (amphibian oocyte)

  4. A model for the structure of a lampbrush chromosome

  5. A polytene chromosome from Drosophila salivary gland

  6. Electron Microscope image of Drosophila polytene chromosome

  7. Chromosome puffs

  8. RNA synthesis in Chromosome puffs Red: newly synthesized BrUTP; Blue: old ones diffused

  9. A model for the structure of an interphase chromosome

  10. Position Effects on Gene Expression Heterochromatin: condensed Euchromatin: loose

  11. Speculative Model for the heterochromatin at the ends of yeast chromosomes Sir: Silent information regulator

  12. Two speculative models for how the tight packaging of DNA in heterochromatin can be inherited during chromosome replication

  13. The specialized nucleosome formed on centromeres

  14. The structure of a human centromere

  15. The plasticity of human centromere formation

  16. A typical mitotic chromosome at metaphase

  17. SEM of a region near one end of a typical mitotic chromosome

  18. EM of a mitotic chromosome

  19. Chromatin Packing

  20. The SMC proteins in condensins

  21. Selective painting of two interphase chromosomes

  22. Mechanical Support? Nuclear envolope

  23. DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination

  24. DNA replication

  25. The Chemistry of DNA replication

  26. DNA Synthesis by DNA polymerase

  27. DNA Polymerase

  28. DNA replication with two forks

  29. This Doesn’t Work!

  30. DNA replication Fork

  31. DNA Proofreading

  32. DNA Proofreading • Pairing • Un-Paired nucleotide is easier to be off before covalent ligation, after binding. • Exonucleotic proofreading • Strand directed mismatch repair

  33. Structures of DNA polymerase during polymerizing and editing

  34. Why 5’->3’?

  35. DNA Primer synthesis

  36. DNA Replication at the Lagging strand

  37. DNA Ligase

  38. DNA Helicase

  39. DNA Binding Protein SSB: Single Strand DNA-binding Proteins

  40. SSB Proteins

  41. DNA Clamping Protein

  42. Cycle of DNA Polymerase/Clamping Protein loading and unloading At the lagging strand

  43. Proteins for DNA replication

  44. A Moving Replication

  45. Structure of the Moving Complex

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