Content: 15.1 Stakeholders 15.2 Risk/Safety/Public Health aspects

1. Content: • 15.1 Stakeholders • 15.2 Risk/Safety/Public Health aspects • 15.3 Social/Cultural/Community aspects • 15.4 Hand pickers/scavengers and gender issues

2. 15.1 Stakeholders Stakeholders - people and organizations with a ‘stake’ ….. ‘stake’ (= interest) Stakeholders in the waste area - people and organizations with a ‘stake’ (interest) in good waste management … ‘stake’ may relate to employment, clean neighborhood, business, shares, specific waste materials, ….. Stakeholders may include (waste, waste recycling, truck repair shops, etc.) enterprises, organizations, households, individuals, city majors, …..

3. 15.1 Stakeholders Questions in developing countries in handling of municipal solid and wastes need concerted effort from all sectors of society. MSW management is the responsibility of every resident. An all inclusive approach should be adopted in order to achieve any meaningful and lasting solution. Development of an integrated plan requires coordination of public and private entities with expertise in management, MSWM technical matters, public health, environmental protection, public finance, urban infrastructure, and social issues

4. 15.1 Stakeholders Stakeholders • Public • Municipalities • City planners • NGOs • Social workers • Teachers/academia • Senior citizens • Unemployed youth • Children/students • Vendors/shop owners • Hospitals • Politicians • Corporations

5. 15.1 Stakeholders Organizational options • Public body • Municipality responsible for all aspects of waste management • Private body • Commercial company responsible for all elements of waste management (contractual party to the municipality • Public–private partnership (PPP): • Public and private sector agencies share responsibility

6. 15.1 Stakeholders • Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) • Motives: • social concerns for waste pickers, • introducing new recycling technology (e.g. composting), • extending micro-credit, • concern for the poor environment in which their beneficiaries live, • or because they are contracted by other agencies to implement a project. • Driven mainly by the need to achieve their goal, and not to make profit. • Scope of work: may include primary collection, rehabilitation of waste pickers, building awareness in the communities, dissemination of information, research and the introduction of new technology. • NGOs traditionally work closely with communities and there is usually good co-operation from the community members.

7. 15.1 Stakeholders • The informal sector • Small-scale, labour-intensive, largely unregulated and unregistered, low-technology manufacturing or provision of services. • Typically they: • do not pay taxes, • have no trading license • are not included in social welfare or government insurance schemes. • The informal recycling sector refers to the waste recycling activities of scavengers and waste pickers. These terms are used to describe those involved in the extraction of recyclable and reusable materials from mixed waste.

8. 15.2 Risk/Safety/Public Health aspects • Risk/Safety/Public Health aspects - 1 • Health and safety risks associated with SWM, for example (informal) recycling include: • occupational health risks posed to scavenger/waste pickers and • community health risks posed to the related community or general public.

9. 15.2 Risk/Safety/Public Health aspects • Risk factors • Composition of waste • Nature of organic decomposing waste • Handling of waste • Processing of waste • Disposal of wastes

10. 15.2 Risk/Safety/Public Health aspects Health effects in informal recycling (reported in study): • Waste pickers in a worse state of malnutrition than control group • Many waste pickers suffered chronic backache and complained of weakness. Coughs were a chronic problem • Many suffered from injuries like cuts and needle stick injuries • Eye infections and other eye problems • Few night-shift labourers complained of suffering from severe hallucinations • Many of the waste pickers suffered from intestinal protozoa and helminthes • The dumps were infested with stray dogs and rats. Bites from dogs and rats • Diarrhoea was extremely common among all waste pickers • waste pickers complained of having attacks of jaundice in the last year • Many waste pickers suffered from skin diseases

11. 15.3 Social/Cultural/Community aspects Social/Cultural/Community aspects - 1 Community participation is a crucial element in solid waste management. Informal waste recycling is often carried out by poor and marginalized social groups who resort to scavenging/ waste picking for income generation and some even for everyday survival. The attitude of the formal waste management sector to informal recycling is often very negative, regarding it as backward, unhygienic and generally incompatible with a modern waste management system.

12. 15.3 Social/Cultural/Community aspects Social/Cultural/Community aspects -2 Community participation is a crucial element in solid waste management. Informal waste recycling is often carried out by poor and marginalized social groups who resort to scavenging/ waste picking for income generation and some even for everyday survival. The attitude of the formal waste management sector to informal recycling is often very negative, regarding it as backward, unhygienic and generally incompatible with a modern waste management system.

13. 15.4 Scavengers and gender issues • Scavengers and gender issues • Scavengers (hand or waste pickers) – vulnerable, marginalized group comprised mostly of women and children • occupational health risks high because of manual handling, lack of protective clothing/equipment

14. 15.4 Scavengers and gender issues • Scavengers and gender issues - 2 • Gender Issues: differences between men and women • Men and women - different roles, gender differences shaped by ideological, historical, religious, ethnic, economic and cultural determinants • Women • several roles in the household – running the household, earning income waste handling is an important source of income for poorer women, family care • mainly engaged in activities requiring less education, less skills, less physical mobility • earn less than men, are more vulnerable to exploitation

15. 15.4 Scavengers and gender issues Scavengers and gender issues - 3 Micro-enterprises in the waste sector - more often initiated, operated, managed by men Forces affecting position of women: - competition, inequality; - no vote in consultation/decision making process; - no access to capital; - no access to information/training; - living in inaccessible places.