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MYCOLOGY

MYCOLOGY. MYCOLOGY. The fungi are eukaryotic organisms growing as a mass of branching, interlacing filaments known as mycelium. Among the many thousands of fungi known, only about 300 can cause diseases in humans and animals. Bacteria plant. Comparison of fungi and bacteria.

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MYCOLOGY

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  1. MYCOLOGY

  2. MYCOLOGY • The fungi are eukaryotic organisms growing as a mass of branching, interlacing filaments known as mycelium. Among the many thousands of fungi known, only about 300 can cause diseases in humans and animals. • Bacteria • plant

  3. Comparison of fungi and bacteria

  4. Structure of fungi

  5. Morphology • Unicellular fungi • Multicellular fungi • Hypha: mycelium (vegetative, aerial or reproductive). • Spores: asexual spore • a) Conidium（分生孢子）: macroconidium, microconidium. • b) Thallospore（叶状孢子）: blastospore（芽生）, chlamydospore（厚膜）,arthrospore（关节）. • c) Sporangiospore(孢子囊孢子）

  6. Unicellular fungi

  7. Unicellular fungi

  8. Multicellular fungi

  9. Multicellular fungi

  10. Multicellular fungi Hypha • spore

  11. Culture • Sabouraud culture medium • optimal pH 4-6 • optimal temperature 22-28 C some deep pathogenic fungi need 37 C, • Aerobic • types of colonies– yeast, filamentous • Multiplication:budding, hypha formation, branching or disruption of hypha, spore formation

  12. Resistance • Resistant to dry, sunlight, UV light and many chemicals • Sensitive to wet heat

  13. Clinical manifestations • pathogenic fungal infection • Opportunistic pathogenic fungal infection • Fungal allergic diseases • Mycotoxicosis • Mycotoxin and tumor

  14. Immunity • Nonspecific immunity • Specific immunity

  15. Microbiological diagnosis • Specimens • Direct smear • Isolation and cultivation • Serological tests.

  16. Fungi of superficial keratinized infection • Malassezia furfur（秕糠马拉癣菌）.

  17. Fungi of skin infection • The most important are dermatophytes, a group of closely fungi classified into 3 genera: • Trichophyton（毛癣菌） • Epidermophyton （表皮癣菌0 • Microsprum（小孢子癣菌） Invade only skin, hair, and nails.

  18. Fungi of subcutaneous infection • Chromomycosis (caused by several species of black molds; Fonsecaea edrosoi, Cladosporium carrionii, Phialophora verrua have been isolated most frequently).

  19. Fungi of deep infection • Cryptococcus neoformans • Histoplasma capsulatum • Coccidioides immites ( 厌酷球孢子菌〕 • Blastomyes dermatitides （皮炎芽生菌〕 • Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis （巴西副孢子菌〕

  20. Cryptococcus neoformans • Oval , budding yeast surrounded by a wide polysaccharide capsule

  21. Cryptococcus neoformans

  22. Cryptococcus neoformans • cryptococcosis • No human to human transmission • Infection follows inhalation of the cell of C. neoformans, which , in nature , are thought to be small , allowing the organism to enter deep into the lung.

  23. Opportunistic Mycoses • Candida（假丝酵母菌） • Aspergillus （曲霉） • Mucor（毛霉） • Pneumocystis carinii(卡氏肺孢菌）

  24. Candida albicans

  25. Etiological agents • C.albicans C.guilliermondi C.stellatoidea C.krusei C.tropicalis • C.glabratat C.parapsilosis C.viswanathii C.kefyr* C.lusitaniae

  26. Clinical categories • Cutaneous: intetrigo,paronychia,onychomycosis • Mucocutaneous: perleche, thrush, perianal disease • Chronic: mucocutaneous candidiasis, guanulomatous disease • Systemic: fungemia ,endocarditis,pulmonary infection,urinary tract infection, meningitis, endophthalmitis

  27. Yeasts Round to oval, single cells which reproduce by budding

  28. Yeasts • Candida • Cryptococcus

  29. Candidiasis Candida albicans

  30. Ecological Niche Candida Albicans Endogenous

  31. Infections with Candida usually occur when there is some alteration in: • Cellular immunity • Normal Flora • Physiology

  32. CANDIDIASIS • Skin • Vaginitis • Urinary tract • Mucous membranes • Septicemia • Endocarditis • Pneumonia

  33. CANDIDIASIS The fourth most common nosocomial bloodstream infection.

  34. Clinical SpecimensCandida • Sputum • Scrapings from lesions • Blood smears • Vaginal discharge • Urine • Feces

  35. Candida albicans

  36. 8-12 MICRONS

  37. Pseudomycelium

  38. GERM TUBES

  39. GEOGRAPHIC OCCURENCE WORLDWIDE

  40. Therapy • Amphotericin B • Nystatin • Ketoconazole • Fluconazole • Itraconazole

  41. Cryptococcosis Cryptococcus neoformans

  42. Cryptococcosis A sub-acute or chronic infection which may affect the lungs or skin but most commonly manifests as a meningitis

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