Medical Mycology

1. Medical Mycology

2. Mycology • Study of fungi • Fungi found every where

3. Fungi (fungus) • Fungi first appeared approximately 1.5 billion years ago • 100, 000 known fungal species • Estimated number 1 to 10 million fungal species • 1000 to 1500 new species every year

6. Fungal mycelium

8. Fungi and disease • The vast majority of fungi are not associated with disease, and many are saprophytic • Around 500 species are associated with human and animal infections • Plant fungal pathogens both destroy crops and generate mycotoxins

9. Fungal infections are becoming more important!! • Human fungal diseases became a serious problem only during the 20th and 21st centuries • Increased efficiency in treating bacterial infections • Growth in the number immunodeficient patients • Increasing use of indwelling medical devices

10. Most important • The most common human fungal pathogens are: • Candida albicans • Cryptococcus neoformans • Aspergillusfumigatus

11. Where are fungi? • The 5 Kingdoms or Phyla system • Bacteria (heterophilic) • Protista (unicellular) • Animalia • Fungi (heterophilic) • Plantae (photosynthesis)

12. Main characteristics of fungi • DNA in nucleus, chromosomes • Mitosis and meiosis • Mitochondria • Chitin and glucan in cell wall • In sensitive to antibiotics

13. Morphology of fungi? • Or chains of cells (hyphae) • Fungi can exist as single cells (yeast)

14. Morphology • Filamentous • Yeast • Dimorphic

15. Yeast culture

16. Yeast culture

17. Filamentous culture

18. Multicellular filamentous mould

19. Yeast fungus Filamentous fungus

20. Dimorphic fungus in brain tissue

21. Physiology • Temperature • Nutrition • Respiration • Reproduction

22. Where do fungi live?

24. Helpful fungi: In every day life • Nitrogen and Carbon • Mushrooms and Quorn • Saccharomycescerevisiae • Aspergillusoryzaeand Aspergillusniger • Flavours and vitamins • Penicillin and cyclosporine • Molecular cloning and cancer research

25. Section two Fungal Infections and Pathogenesis

26. Fungal infections • Caused by only ≈ 500 species out of 100,000 • Primary infections • Opportunistic infections • Myco-toxins • Allergy

27. Mycoses • Superficial and cutaneous • Subcutaneous • Deep (systemic)

28. Examples of yeast of medical importance • Candida species • Cryptococcus neoformans • Malasseziaspecies

29. Examples of moulds of medical importance • Dermatophytes • Aspergillus species • Zygomycetes

30. Examples of dimorphic fungi of medical importance • Blastomycesdermatitidis • Histoplasma species • Coccidioidesimmitis • Paracoccidioidesbrasiliensis

31. Superficial and CutaneousMycoses • Skin, hair, nail and mucus membranes • Most common • World-wide • Yeast infections due to Candida and Malassezia • Ringworm infections due to Dermatophytes

32. pityriasisversicolor caused by Malasseziaspecies

33. pityriasisversicolor Directexamination

34. Tineanigra

35. Tineanigra Skin scrapings

36. Superficial Candida infections • Oro-pharyngeal candidosis • Vaginal candidosis • Cutaneouscandidosis • Candida nail infection

37. Pseudomembranous oral candidosis Oral thrush

38. Intertrigo caused by Canddia albicans

39. Candida diaper dermatitis This condition should not be considered a primary Candida infection as it preceded by an irritant dermatitis

41. Dematophytoses • Ringworm (hair and skin) • Favus (hair) • Onychomycosis (nail)

42. Dermatophytosis Dermatophytosis caused by M. canisfollowing contact with infectious cat

43. Dermatophytosis direct skin examination

44. Dermatophytosis

45. Fungal nail infection

46. Subcutaneous Mycoses • Skin, subcutaneous tissues, fascia and bone • Localized • Trauma • More in tropics • Mycetoma, chromomycosis and sporotrichosis

47. Mycetoma

48. Mycetoma

49. Sporotrichosis A 60-year-old woman developed multiple subcutaneous nodules and abscesses on her right hand and forearm 7 days after finger thorn prick

50. Classical Chromoblastomycosis: Fonsecaea pedrosoi De Hoog,Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures