26 DECEMBER 2004

1. 26 DECEMBER 2004 07.58.53 OFF THE WEST COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA

2. A TRAGEDY SLOWLY UNFOLDS

3. Anguish Terror Pain Fear Desperation Worry Panic Horror Distress Misery Sadness Grief

4. Location in SE Asia About here Location3.267°N, 95.821°E

5. Preliminary Earthquake Report A great earthquake occurred on Sunday, December 26, 2004. The magnitude 9.0 event has been located OFF THE WEST COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA.

6. Earthquake and Tsunami Dec. 2004 Epicentre just off the Sumatra coast Location 3.267°N, 95.821°E

7. Sumatra Earthquake 29Dec. 2004 • Location 3.267°N, 95.821°E • Date/Time Sunday, December 26, 2004 at 7:58:53 AM = local time at epicentre • Magnitude 9.0 • Depth 30 km (18.6 miles) • Region OFF THE WESTCOAST OF NORTHERNSUMATRA

9. Aftershocks were common

10. Aftershock Preliminary Report • Magnitude 5.7 • Date-TimeWednesday, December 29, 2004 at 21:12:59 (UTC) - Coordinated Universal Time • Location 5.20N 94.71E • Depth 25.8 kilometres • RegionNORTHERN SUMATRA, INDONESIA • Reference 75 km (45 miles) WSW of Banda Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia345 km (215 miles) SSE of Misha, Nicobar Islands, India1140 km (710 miles) SW of BANGKOK, Thailand1830 km (1140 miles) NW of JAKARTA, Java, Indonesia

11. The earthquake was felt (VIII) at Banda Aceh and (V) at Medan, Sumatra. It was also felt in Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Thailand. • This is the fourth largest earthquake in the world since 1900 and is the largest since the 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska earthquake

13. Tsunami formation

14. Spread of the Tsunami

15. Tsunami Travel Time (in hours) for the entire Indian Ocean

16. Felt Reports on December 29th • At least 27,000 people were killed by the earthquake and tsunami in Indonesia. • Tsunamis killed at least 18,000 people in Sri Lanka, 4,300 in India, 1,400 in Thailand, 100 in Somalia, 52 in Maldives, 44 in Malaysia, 30 in Myanmar, 10 in Tanzania, 3 in Seychelles, 2 in Bangladesh and 1 in Kenya.

17. Tsunamis also occurred on the coasts of Cocos Island, Mauritius, and Reunion. • The tsunami crossed into the Pacific Ocean and was recorded along the west coast of South and North America.

18. Tsunami Definition • Tsunamis are NOT tidal waves. Tidal waves are caused by the forces of the moon, sun, and planets upon the tides, as well as the wind as it moves over the water

19. Why It Happened • Earthquakes are the result of sudden jerky movements of sections of the earth’s crust. • These sections are called PLATES. • These crustal plates are floating on the mantle underneath. • The movement of these plates is responsible for the movement of the continents. Click here for convection currents in the mantle.swf animation

20. The destruction ofPangaea and ……….. ……....the creation of today’s continents Click here for Pangaea.swf animation

21. World Distribution of Plates

22. Plate Boundary movements

23. Convergent or Destructive Plates Click here for destructive plate margins.swf animation

24. Convergent plates creating Island Arcs Click here for Island Arc animation

25. Where the Earthquake actually happened West of Northern Sumatra Eurasian Plate Australian Plate 30km deep

26. Crustal Plates in Indonesia About here

28. Plate Movements in animation • Wycombe School Animations Web Site • Pangaea.swf • constructive plate boundaries..swf • destructive plate margins.swf • convection currents in the mantle.swf

29. Other hyperlinks to earthquake web sites • http://science.howstuffworks.com/earthquake.htm • http://www.moorlandschool.co.uk/earth/tectonic.htm

30. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4136289.stm • Plate Tectonics1.ppt • Plate Tectonics2.ppt

31. The effects of the tsunami triggered by the earthquake.

32. Along the coasts nothing escaped

33. Buildings were washed out

34. Some are lucky and find their relatives; others are not so fortunate and have to check the makeshift mortuaries

35. Looking for relatives

36. Hospitals were stretched to capacity

37. Even in these desperate times looting can be a problem

38. A desperate need……..for world aid The urgent need for clean water, health care, food and shelter for the millions left destitute by the Asian tsunami is becoming clearer.

39. Aid is arriving but there are few roads to deliver it on

42. Help arrives in the form of the Red Cross and bundles of clothing

43. Ships and aircraft with large amounts of aid are descending on regions hit by last Sunday's Indian Ocean tsunami.

44. Their first meal since the earthquake

45. KEY AID PLEDGES • Saudi Arabia: $10m • Norway: $6.6m • Taiwan: $5.1m • Finland: $3.4m • Kuwait: $2.1m • Netherlands: $2.6m • UAE: $2m • Ireland $1.3m • Singapore: $1.2m • EU $44m • US: $35m • Canada: $33m • Japan: $30m • UK: $28.9m • Australia: $27m • France: $20.4m • Denmark: $15.6m

46. By the 1st January 2004…….. • At least 124,000 people have died in the tsunami. The UN says the toll is nearing 150,000 and may never be known. People are still trying to find those missing

47. DEATH TOLL ON 1ST January 2005 1. Indonesia: 80,2462. Sri Lanka: 28,627 3. India (inc Andaman and Nicobar Is): 9,6544. Thailand: 4,812 5. Somalia: 2006. Burma: 607. Maldives: 738. Malaysia: 72 9. Tanzania: 10 10. Seychelles: 1 11. Bangladesh: 2 12. Kenya: 1

48. Problems now • Cholera, malaria, dengue fever and diarrhoeal diseases. • Food in very short supply. • Water supplies contaminated. • Communications and transport often severely interrupted. • Telephone lines destroyed . • Airports damaged or flooded. • Roads impassable. • Land mines were floated by the floods so now they could be anywhere. • Corruption also a concern.

49. Recording an Earthquake P waves arrive first Love waves arrive last S waves arrive second Click here for Seismometer animation

50. Seismic wave animation For USGS information • http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqinthenews/2004/usslav/