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Female Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System. Medical Terminology. Key Terms. Fulguration = tissue destruction using electrical current Genitalia Gestation = time from conception to birth Glans = erectile tissue on clitoris & penis Lactation = milk production & release. Key Terms.

christopher-monroe
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Female Reproductive System

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  1. Female Reproductive System Medical Terminology

  2. Key Terms • Fulguration = tissue destruction using electrical current • Genitalia • Gestation = time from conception to birth • Glans = erectile tissue on clitoris & penis • Lactation = milk production & release

  3. Key Terms • Puerperium = first 6 post-partum weeks during which maternal anatomy & physiology returns to nonpregnant state • viable

  4. Anatomy • Ovaries • Fallopian tubes • Uterus • Vagina • External genitalia • Labia minora, labia majora, clitoris, Bartholin glands

  5. Anatomy • Ovaries • Contain many graafian follicles • Become mature follicles that rupture out of ovaries, releasing ovum (ovulation) • Becomes corpus luteum (makes estrogen and progesterone) • Fallopian tubes • Have fimbriae at open ends • Attach to superior parts of uterus

  6. Anatomy • Uterus • Between bladder and rectum • Anteflexed (bent forward) • Fundus, body, cervix • Vagina • From cervix to exterior • Bartholin glands make lubricating secretions during sex • Clitoris: erectile tissue anterior to vagina

  7. Anatomy • Perineum • Between vaginal orifice & anus • May require episiotomy during childbirth • Mammary glands • Functional only in females • Lactation (secretion of milk) • Adipose tissue, lactiferous ducts (open onto nipple), areola

  8. Menstrual Cycle • From menarche to menopause • Approximately 28 days in length • Three Phases • Menstrual (days 1-5) • Ovulatory (days 6-14) • Postovulatory (days 15-28)

  9. Menstrual Cycle • Menstrual Phase • Endometrium sloughs off, bleeding • Ovulatory Phase • New endometrium grows & thickens • Graafian follicles mature, only one ovum fully matures • Approximately day 14, ovulation occurs

  10. Menstrual Cycle • Postovulatory Phase • Corpus luteum forms, secreting estrogen and progesterone • These hormones stimulate endometrium and prepare it for implantation • Then corpus luteum degenerates and hormone levels fall, leading to deterioration of endometrial layer until menses begin

  11. Pregnancy • Gestation of approximately 9 months • Parturition = childbirth • Changes during pregnancy: • Uterus becomes larger, more muscular • Placenta grows in uterus • Vaginal canal elongates, mucosa thickens and secretions increase, becomes more elastic • Breast enlargement

  12. Labor and Childbirth • Three phases of labor • Dilation • Onset of contractions till complete dilation of cervix (cx) • Expulsion • From complete dilation until infant is delivered • Placental expulsion • From delivery of infant till delivery of placenta (after birth)

  13. Menopause • End of ovarian activity & decreased hormone production • Average age in US is 51. • Clinical S/S: amenorrhea, vaginal atrophy, low estrogen levels • Also called “change of life” • HRT = hormone replacement therapy • Treats menopause symptoms, osteoporosis, vaginal atrophy • Not cardioprotective, risk for certain cancers

  14. Combining Forms • Amnio- (amniotic sac) • Cervico- • Colpo- or vagino- • Galacto- or lacto- (milk) • Gyneco- (female) • Hystero- (uterus) • Mammo- or masto- (mammary gland)

  15. Combining Forms • Meno- (menses, menstruation) • Metrio-, utero-, or metro- (uterus) • Nato- (birth) • Oophoro- or ovario- • Perineo- (perineum) • Salpingo- (fallopian tubes)

  16. Suffixes • -arche (beginning) • -cyesis (pregnancy) • -gravida (pregnant female) • -para (to bear offspring) • -salpinx (fallopian tube) • -tocia (childbirth, labor) • -version (turning)

  17. Prefixes • Ante- (before) • Dys- • Endo- • Multi- • Post- • Primi- (first)

  18. Specialists • Gynecology • Health and diseases of female reproductive tract • Obstetrics • Care of the woman and fetus during pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium

  19. Menstrual Disorders • Etiologies: • Hormonal dysfunction • Uterine pathology • Dysmenorrhea: menstrual pain • Due to chronic disorders, tumors • Treatment in some cases: estrogen • Metrorrhagia: irregular uterine bleeding between menses • Often related to benign or malignant tumors • May also be hormonal uterine dysfunction

  20. Menstrual Disorders • Menorrhagia/hypermenorrhea: profuse or prolonged menstrual bleeding • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS): • S/S start several days prior to menses and end when menses start or shortly after • S/S vary: HA, fatigue, mood changes, anxiety, depression, fluid retention

  21. Endometroisis • Pathological presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus • Usually in pelvic area • May be anywhere in abdominal cavity • Functional tissue, responds to hormonal cycle • Implants, lesions, growths • S/S: pain, infertility often

  22. Infections • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) • Inflammation of uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries due to bacterial infection • Ascending infection from vagina & cervix (Cx) • Most common STD’s: chlamydia, GC • Complications: scarring of tubes & ovaries, causing infertility, ectopic pregnancies

  23. Infections • Vaginitis • Acid vaginal secretions protective to a degree • Localized infections • Bacterial, viral, fungal • Common types: trichomoniasis and candidiasis (moniliasis, associated with antibiotic use) • S/S: itching, vaginal discharge, urethritis

  24. Other STD’s • Venereal diseases, most common reproductive disorder, over 20 types • AIDS is considered STD • Most common type: chlamydia over last few decades • Prior to that: syphilis & gonorrhea were the most common

  25. Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Gonorrhea • Bacterial, Neisseria gonorrhoeae • MM’s of reproductive & GU tracts, pharynx, and rectum, may cause PID • Purulent, yellowish-green discharge • Silver nitrate prophylaxis for neonatal conjuctivitis • May cause arthritis, cystitis, pharyngitis also

  26. Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Syphilis • Bacterial, Treponema pallidum • Less common than GC, more serious • Chronic multisystem acquired or congenital infection • more commonly STD and in immunocompromised patients • Painless chancre at entrance site • Transmission frequently occurs early in the disease • Late stages: neurological symptoms, death

  27. Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Genital Herpes • Viral infection, often HSV-2 • Vesicular lesions, like cold sores • Transmission via vesicular fluid and viral shedding from skin of patient • First outbreak has systemic signs often • Fever, myalgias, etc. in addition to genital vesicles

  28. Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Chlamydia • Bacterial, Chlamydia trachomatis • Most common STD, may be asymptomatic until irreversible damage to GU tract occurs • STD mostly, also congenital • Discharge whitish, milder symptoms than GC • Neonates: congenital conjunctivitis, pneumonias

  29. Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Genital Warts • Condylomas • Viral, Human papilloma virus (HPV) • Vary from single and tiny to large clusters • May resolve spontaneously, require excision or liguid nitrogen topically • Increased risk of miscarriages • Increased risk of cancers • Penile, vaginal anal and cervical CA (80% of invasive cervical cancers)

  30. Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Trichomoniasis • Protozoan, Trichomonas vaginalis • Females more commonly symptomatic • Frothy yellow-green discharge

  31. Uterine Fibroids • Benign uterine tumors • In approx 30-40% of females • Etiology: fluctuating endocrine stimulation in 20’s to 40’s • May have no symptoms or cause menorrhagia, back pain, constipation, urinary symptoms • May interfere with pregnancy • Treatment varies with size & location of fibroid

  32. Ovarian Cysts • Common in virtually all females • Form and resolve spontaneously often • Frequent corpus luteum cysts • If persistent, may cause ovarian tortion (emergency, may cause ischemia & necrosis) • May be chronic or acute • May be benign or malignant (infrequent)

  33. Ectopic Pregnancy • Implantation of fertilized ova outside of the uterus • Fallopian tubes most common site, may be on ovaries, abdominal cavity wall • Non-viable pregnancy • If large enough, rupture could cause hemorrhagic shock and death • Treatment: surgical resection

  34. Obstetrical Disorders • Spontaneous abortion • Miscarriage, most common in 1st trimester • Usual cause is genetic/chromosomal abn. • Threatened abortion • Vaginal bleeding, with or without cramping • Premature Rupture of Membranes (ROM) • Amniotic sac leaks, ruptures • Increased chance of maternal-fetal infection and premature labor

  35. Obstetrical Disorders • Pre-eclampsia • Third trimester condition involving hypertension & proteinuria • Increased risk of complication to mother and fetus • Eclampsia (toxemia) • Seizure occurs, often intracranial bleeding • Delivery is the main treatment • High risk of maternal death

  36. Childbirth Disorders or Complications Placental problems partial retention/ bleeding or sepsis • Vaginal bleeding • Abruptio placenta or placenta previa • Prematurity • Pulmonary/surfactant deficiency • Small for gestational age

  37. Oncology • Breast Cancer • Most common CA in US females • Associations: ovarian hormonal dysfunction, high fat diet, family hx, HRT • Higher risk in nulliparous, early menarche, late menopause patients

  38. Oncology • Cervical Cancer • Ages 40-49 characteristically • Associations: early first coitus, more numerous sexual partners, STD’s, partners of other cervical CA pts. • Pap smear (Papanicolaou test), colposcopy

  39. Related Terms • Adnexa • Atresia = congential absence of a normal orifice • Choriocarcinoma • Corpus leuteum • Contraceptive diaphragm • dyspareunia

  40. Related Terms • Oligomenorrhea • Puberty • Pyosalpinx • Retroversion • Vaginismus • Abruptio placentae • Abortion

  41. Related Terms • Amnion • Breech presentation • Down syndrome/ Trisomy 21 • Dystocia • Gravida = pregnant woman • Multigravida • Multipara = woman who has delivered more than one viable infant

  42. Related Terms • Para = woman who has given birth to one or more viable infants • Parturition • Pelvimetry • Placenta previa • Primagravida = women in her 1st pregnancy

  43. Related Terms • Primipara = woman who has given birth to her first viable child • Puerperium = 42 day period after childbirth

  44. Diagnostic Terms • Amniocentesis • Colposcopy • Lararoscopy • Endometrial biopsy • Pap test/smear • Mammography • Ultrasonography (pelvic, transvaginal)

  45. Related Terms • Hysterosalpingography • Cerclage= ligature of incompetent Cx • Cesarean birth • Conization • Dilatation & curettage (D & C) • Episiotomy & episiorrhaphy • Hysterectomy (subtotal, complete)

  46. Related Terms • Total Abdominal Hysterectomy with Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH with BSO) • Intrauterine device (IUD) • Lumpectomy • Mastectomy, radical or simple • Tubal ligation

  47. Pharmacology • Antifungals • Estrogens • Oral contraceptives • Oxytocics • Prostaglandins (used to terminate pregnancy)

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