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3.1 What You’ll Learn…

3.1 What You’ll Learn…. What makes up matter? Why do atoms form bonds? What are some important interactions between substances in living things?. 3.1 Why It Matters?. All living things are made of matter, so understanding the structure of matter can help you understand how your body works.

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3.1 What You’ll Learn…

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  1. 3.1 What You’ll Learn… • What makes up matter? • Why do atoms form bonds? • What are some important interactions between substances in living things?

  2. 3.1 Why It Matters? • All living things are made of matter, so understanding the structure of matter can help you understand how your body works.

  3. Atoms • Atomic Structure • Elements • Chemical Bonds • Covalent Bonding (Water) • Ionic Bonding (Table Salt) • Polarity • Solubility • Hydrogen Bonds

  4. 3.1 Section Review • Identify the parts of atoms & their locations. • Name 2 ways that atoms can combine to become more stable in compounds • Explain how charges cause salt & sugar to dissolve in water.

  5. 3.1 Summary • All matter is made up of atoms. An atom has a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. • Chemical bonds form between groups of atoms because most atoms become stable when they have 8 electrons in the valence shell. • Polar attractions & hydrogen bonds are forces that play an important role in many of the molecules that make up living things. • Atom • Element • Valence Electron • Compound • Molecule • Ion

  6. 3.2 What You’ll Learn… • What makes water a unique substance? • How does the presence of substances dissolved in water affect the properties of water?

  7. 3.2 Why It Matters? • The processes of life take place in water. • Without water’s unique properties, life as we know it could not exist.

  8. 3.2 – Water & Solution • Properties of Water • Solutions

  9. Properties of Water • Ice Floats • Water absorbs & retains heat.

  10. Properties of Water • Water molecules stick to each other. • Cohesion • Water molecules stick to other polar substances • Adhesion

  11. Solutions • Acids & Bases • pH & Buffers

  12. 3.2 Section Review • Identify four unique properties of water that make life on Earth possible. • Differentiate between acids and bases. • Explain the role of buffers in maintaining homeostasis.

  13. 3.2 Summary • The hydrogen bonding between water molecules explains many of the unique properties that make water an important substance for life. • Acids & bases change the concentration of hydronium ions in aqueous solutions. The pH of solutions in living things must be stable. • Cohesion • Adhesion • Solution • Acid • Base • pH • Buffer

  14. 3.3 What You’ll Learn… • What are chemicals of life made from? • What is the role of carbohydrates in cells? • What do lipids do? • What determines the functions of proteins? • What do nucleic acids do?

  15. 3.3 Why It Matters? • Your body works by using the same 4 types of molecules that bacteria & plants do.

  16. 3.3 Section Review • Discuss how 1 type of atom (carbon) can be the basis of so many types of biomolecules. • List 3 major functions of carbohydrates. • Describe 2 functions of lipids. • Explain how 2 different proteins will have 2 different shapes. • Summarize the role of nucleic acids in a cell.

  17. 3.3 Summary • Large, complex biomolecules are built from a few smaller, simpler, repeating units arranged in an extremely precise way. • Cells use carbohydrates for sources of energy, structural materials, & cellular identification. • The main functions of lipids include storing energy & controlling water movement. • Proteins are chains of amino acids that twist & fold into shapes that determine what the protein does. • Nucleic acids store & transmit hereditary information. • Carbohydrate • Lipid • Protein • Amino acid • Nucleic acid • Nucleotide • DNA • RNA • ATP

  18. 3.4 What You’ll Learn… • Where do living things get energy? • How do chemical reactions occur? • Why are enzymes important to living things?

  19. 3.4 Why It Matters? • All living things need energy to survive. • You get that energy by breaking complex molecules from food you eat into simpler, stabler molecules.

  20. Changing Matter • Physical Change • Sugar Dissolves • Chemical Change • Wood Burns

  21. Changing Matter • Conservation of Mass • Matter is neither created nor destroyed. • Conservation of Energy • Energy may change form but the total amount does not change.

  22. Chemical Reactions • Activation Energy • The minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction • Alignment

  23. Biological Reactions • Enzymes • A molecule that increases the speed of biochemical reactions.

  24. Biological Reactions • Metabolism

  25. 3.4 Section Review • Explain the importance of chemical reactions in living things. • Describe 2 conditions necessary for a chemical reaction to occur. • Relate enzymes & homeostasis.

  26. 3.4 Summary • Living things use different chemical reactions to get the energy needed for life processes. • An activation energy is needed to start a chemical reaction. The reactants must also be aligned to form the product. • By assisting in necessary biochemical reactions, enzymes help organisms maintain homeostasis. • Energy • Reactant • Product • Activation Energy • Enzyme • Active Site • Substrate

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