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History 321: State and Society in Early Modern Europe: The Thirty Years War

History 321: State and Society in Early Modern Europe: The Thirty Years War. Central Questions. What were the key political and diplomatic developments of the 1620s? How was warfare financed? What were the main military conflicts in the 1620s?

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History 321: State and Society in Early Modern Europe: The Thirty Years War

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  1. History 321: State and Society in Early Modern Europe:The Thirty Years War

  2. Central Questions • What were the key political and diplomatic developments of the 1620s? • How was warfare financed? • What were the main military conflicts in the 1620s? • Ferdinand II issued the Edict of Restitution in 1629. Why was this act a “grave error” (p. 446)? These questions represent an analysis of the assigned reading that is based entirely on Europe’s Tragedy but that does not always strictly follow the progress of Wilson’s presentation, especially with reference to questions 1 and 3.

  3. Maps • Mantua and environs • http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_KezhQ6waZT0/SDDkGU-R85I/AAAAAAAAEMw/N0DeJSIr8FA/s1600-h/mantua.jpg • Baltic region • http://www.emersonkent.com/map_archive/baltic_regions_1386.htm • Central Europe, 1618 • http://www.hup.harvard.edu/features/wilson/wilsoncemap.jpg

  4. Political and diplomatic developments • “The revival of Catholicism in the Empire was received with mixed feelings by France and Spain” (p. 362).

  5. Political and diplomatic developments • Spain • Philip IV (1621-1665) • Gaspar de Guzmán, Count- Duke of Olivares • reputación and war with the Dutch • enhancement of Spain’s navy • Admiralty of the North • Union of Arms (p. 370) • soldiers and tax • problems • financial crises (pp. 434-35) • bankruptcy of 1627 • capture of treasure fleets, 1627, 1628

  6. Political and diplomatic developments • France • Louis XIII (1610-1643) • court factions • dévots vs. BonsFrançais • Cardinal Richelieu • chief minister (1624-1642) • “The interests of a state and the interests of religion are two entirely different things” (1616, p. 377). • “a dangerous opponent” (p. 379) for Spain (Olivares) • Habsburg encirclement

  7. Political and diplomatic developments • France • Edict of Nantes (1598) • Huguenot rebellions, 1620s • distraction from international involvement • siege of La Rochelle (1627-1628, pp. 440-42) • Peace of Alais (1629)

  8. Political and diplomatic developments • Cardinal Richelieu’s four strategies • general alliance against Spanish dominance and for European peace • bilateral alliances: money and troops • protection for weaker territories in exchange for transit of French troops • limited warfare for the sake of protection • strategy “fundamentally flawed” (p. 381).

  9. Political and diplomatic developments • Danish involvement • Christian IV (1588-1648) • interest in German bishoprics (p. 386) • rivalry with Sweden • Treaty of the Hague, 1625

  10. Political and diplomatic developments • rise of Albrecht von Wallenstein (1583-1634) • defection to Emperor, 1619 • “a major beneficiary of the land transfers” (p. 392) • Duke of Friedland, 1624 • commander of Imperialist forces, 1625 • Duke of Mecklenburg, 1629 • upstart, critical of subordinates

  11. Political and diplomatic developments • other commanders • Wallenstein • General Tilly • Maximilian I, Catholic League • recognition of his electoral title by Saxony (1624) and Brandenburg (1627) • Regensburg Electoral Congress, 1630 • “a significant demonstration of the Empire’s collective purpose” (p. 454) • dismissal of Wallenstein

  12. Financing warfare • state • taxation, e.g. war taxes (p. 456) • borrowing • military officers • plunder • credit: for raising an army • muster system: towns provide food and wages for an entire troop • contributions (“tax of violence” / extortion): to be paid also after a troop has left a region • challenges • pay arrears • camp followers

  13. Military conflicts: Spain vs. Dutch Republic • surrender of Breda (siege: August 1624-June 1625) = “pyrrhic victory” (p. 434) • Dunkirk privateers: attack on Dutch ships • Treaty of Compiègne (1624): France and Dutch Republic • Frederick Henry of Nassau

  14. Military conflicts: Spain vs. Dutch Republic • Piet Hein: capture of Spanish treasure fleet (1628) • “Spain’s inability to send reinforcements to the Netherlands placed a premium on imperial assistance” (p. 436) • siege of s’Hertzogenbosch (Bois-le-duc), 1629

  15. Military conflicts: Spain vs. France • Holy Slaughter in the Valtellina, July 1620 • diplomatic solution: papal troops replaced Spanish troops • Savoy’s attack on Genoa, 1625 • French conquest of the Valtellina • Treaty of Monzón, 1625: a Catholic Valtellina; replacement of French with papal troops • Savoy’s alliance with Spain

  16. Military conflicts: Spain vs. France • War of the Mantuan Succession (1628-1631) • claim of Charles of Nevers upon Mantua: 1627 • under Imperial jurisdiction (Ferdinand II) • control of Montferrato: Spain and Savoy • fortress of Casale: taken by Charles, 1628 • Imperial intervention: “Madrid failed to see that its assertiveness in Italy forced the emperor to intervene to preserve his own authority, rather than because he wished to counter France” (p. 443). • fall of Mantua (1629) • solutions: Peace of Regensburg (1630), Peace of Cherasco (1631): Charles in Mantua; preservation of Imperial jurisdiction; tensions with Spain

  17. Danish Intervention, 1625-1629 • motives • ecclesiastical property, not “religious solidarity” (p. 387) • misgivings of Danish nobility • Treaty of the Hague (1625) • England, Dutch Republic: aid for Denmark • strategy • Danish attack in northern Germany • attack of Bethlen (d. 1629) from Transylvania

  18. Danish Intervention, 1625-1629 • Imperialist reaction • neutrality? Tilly to Hessen: “It’s called obedience, not neutrality. Your lord is an imperial prince whose overlord is the emperor” (p. 389). • imperial order (7 May 1624) • Battle of Dessau Bridge (1626) • Wallenstein vs. Mansfeld (d. 1626) • Battle of Lutter (1626) • Tilly vs. Christian IV • Interlude: Upper Austrian Rebellion (1626) • the problem of re-Catholicization

  19. Danish Intervention, 1625-1629 • Imperialist reaction • 1627 campaign against Holstein • Peace of Lübeck (1629) • Denmark lost none of its own territory. • Denmark agreed • to abandon claims to bishoprics • keep out of Imperial affairs • “a gift from heaven” (p. 423)

  20. Military conflicts: Wallenstein’s Baltic Design • Background: Swedish southern advance (1621-1627) • “Austro-Spanish naval cooperation” (p. 426) • blockade of Magdeburg, siege of Stralsund • Stralsund (1628): Gustavus’ “German base” (p. 431)

  21. Military conflicts: Wallenstein’s Baltic Design • Imperial intervention in Poland • goal: dislodge Swedes from Vistula delta • limited success • Truce of Altmark (1629) • facilitated by France • Sweden abandoned Courland, most of Livonia, and all but three Prussian ports • Richelieu’s plan

  22. Edict of Restitution, 1629 • “…Ferdinand committed a grave error by issuing the Edict of Restitution in March 1629” (p. 446) • “a blunder of the first order” (p. 453) • a failed attempt to establish peace • connected to “the controversial land transfers, contributions and military demands that stirred well-founded suspicions in many Catholics as well as Protestants” (p. 446)

  23. Edict of Restitution, 1629 • a “glorious enterprise” • God on the Catholic side • militant Catholic interpretation of the Peace of Augsburg • Paul LaymannSJ, Paciscompositio (1629) • William Lamormaini SJ (1570-1648): surpassed Ferdinand in “religious fundamentalism” (p. 447)

  24. Edict of Restitution, 1629 • a judicial, not a religious act • a return to the “clear letter” of the Peace of Augsburg? • Calvinism excluded • return of ecclesiastical property secularized after 1552 • recovery of 6 bishoprics, 2 imperial abbeys, ca. 150 monasteries, convents, churches • “not a uniform attack on German Protestants” (p. 449) • main victims: Denmark, Guelphs, Württemberg

  25. Edict of Restitution, 1629 • Catholic dismay: Spain, Bishop of Vienna, Wallenstein; religious orders vs. bishops • Protestant response • alienation of moderate Lutherans • Johann Georg’s arguments • about Peace of Augsburg • in favour of suspending implementation

  26. Edict of Restitution, 1629 • Consequences • Catholic disunity • adamant Protestant opposition to “wholesale” restitution vs. case-by-case investigation • “the vitality of an Empire-wide political culture” (p. 453) that valued reasonable compromise • Regensburg Electoral Congress, 1630 • opposition to Wallenstein • opposition to Mantuan War

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