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History 321: State and Society in Early Modern Europe: The Thirty Years War

History 321: State and Society in Early Modern Europe: The Thirty Years War. From Rudolf II to Matthias, 1582-1612. Religion and the German Princes Confession and Imperial Politics to 1608 Union and Liga 1608-9 The Jülich -Cleves Crisis 1609-10

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History 321: State and Society in Early Modern Europe: The Thirty Years War

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  1. History 321: State and Society in Early Modern Europe:The Thirty Years War

  2. From Rudolf II to Matthias, 1582-1612 • Religion and the German Princes • Confession and Imperial Politics to 1608 • Union and Liga 1608-9 • The Jülich-Cleves Crisis 1609-10 • Did the Empire succumb to an intractable confessional polarization before 1618?

  3. Did the Empire succumb to an intractable confessional polarization before 1618? • Landsberg Alliance (1556) • Protestant Union (1608) • Catholic League (1609) • “While tensions mounted in the Empire, there was no inexorable slide towards war, however. The problems were certainly serious, but not insurmountable, particularly if the emperor was prepared to act more forcefully and consistently to provide the impartial guidance most princes desired” (p. 197).

  4. A lack of confessionally united fronts • Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn, Prince Bishop of Würzburg (1573-1617) • Wittelsbach Bavaria and the Austrian Habsburgs • a Catholic empire

  5. A lack of confessionally united fronts • two Protestant leaders • Electorates: Rhenish Palatinate vs. Saxony • itio in partes

  6. A lack of confessionally united fronts • Protestant dynasties: partible inheritance vs. primogeniture: “…partitions emasculated Protestant territories by dissipating their resources or creating debilitating inheritance disputes” (p. 204) • Hessen-Kassel (Calvinist) vs. Hessen-Darmstadt (Lutheran) over Hessen-Marburg • Guelph family and Brunswick: Lüneburg vs. Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel • more disunity: larger vs. smaller territories; struggle for ecclesiastical property

  7. Cologne Dispute, 1583-1590 • Significance • a test of the Peace of Augsburg • the preservation of a Catholic majority in the electoral college • the extension of Bavarian influence in the Holy Roman Empire

  8. More controversies • Strassburg Bishops’ War, 1592-1604 • Bishop-elect Johann Georg, Lorraine, Württemburg • An international Protestant alliance to oppose a Catholic plot? • militant Palatinate vs. politic Saxony • Christian of Anhalt (Calvinist), governor of Upper Palatinate, 1595

  9. More controversies • Four Monasteries Dispute, 1599-1601 • militant Palatinate vs. Reichskammergericht • stubborn Saxony • Bavaria • devout Duke Maximilian I (1598-1651) • vs. itio in partes

  10. More controversies • FIC Donauwörth • prominence of Reichshofrat • 1606: Battle of the Flags • 1607: Imperial Ban • Document 3: • What did it mean for Rudolf II to impose the imperial ban on Donauwörth? Why does he mention Maximilian of Bavaria? • 1608 Reichstag • confirm Peace of Augsburg • respect 1552 • impasse; waning of moderation

  11. Protestant Union, Catholic League • Common problems • dynastic, security interests • “adventurous policies more likely” (p. 228) • confessional League vs. Habsburgs • primary purpose: • preparations for an inevitable war • pressure tactic to make the Emperor see reason • spreading the cost of defence (Bavaria) • deterrence for Protestants

  12. Protestant Union, Catholic League • Documents 4-7 • How did the Protestant Union and Catholic League justify their establishment? • Why do the articles of the Protestant Union and Catholic League refer to the Emperor, the imperial constitution, and imperial laws? • Do you notice parallels and / or differences between the articles of the Protestant Union and Catholic League? What are they? • Does the language of the articles of the Protestant Union and Catholic League point to confessional polarisation? • Why does Wilson include documents 6 and 7? Do they correspond to anything you learned in Europe’s Tragedy?

  13. Document 113 • What does the territorial defence ordinance of Count Johann of Nassau-Siegen tell us about the military and religious situation of the Holy Roman Empire at the end of the sixteenth century? Does this ordinance relate in any way to the articles of the Protestant Union and / or the Catholic League? If so, how? • What do the ordinance and the articles of the Protestant Union and Catholic League tell us about the political state of the Holy Roman Empire?

  14. Jülich-Cleves Crisis, 1609-10 • “The lack of major conflict in 1609-10 stemmed from widespread opposition to violence and a general desire to negotiate a peaceful solution” (p. 230). • location: Rhineland; near Spanish, Dutch, French territory • population: Catholics, Protestants: growing Calvinist community, esp. in Cleves • 1609: death of Duke Johann Wilhelm of Jülich-Cleves • claimants: Pfalz-Neuberg, Brandenburg • Treaty of Dortmund (1610)

  15. Jülich-Cleves Crisis, 1609-10 • intervention of Archduke Leopold • intervention of France • contradiction: opposing Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs; asserting Catholic identity • slow march • German intervention • Catholic League kept its distance. • Rhenish Palatinate mobilized troops. • 1 September 1610: garrison in Jülich surrendered to French, Dutch, and Union soldiers. • prohibitive costs, unwilling contributors

  16. Chapter 8: On the Brink • Central question: • Was the Empire on the brink of war by 1617? • Central problem: • Who will succeed Emperor Matthias (1612-1619)? • “Rudolf’s death and Archduke Matthias’s succession in 1612 saw many problems being tackled with considerable success” (p. 239).

  17. Successor for Rudolf II • Archduke Leopold’s army enters Prague, 1611 • Archduke Matthias’ army enters Prague, 1611 • Matthias elected Holy Roman Emperor on 13 June 1612. (Rudolf II died on 20 January.)

  18. Melchior Klesl and compromise • Austrian Estates • composition before succession • bi-partisan committee • goal of compromise • Protestant suspicions, Catholic anxiety • 1613 Reichstag • disrupting the Catholic league

  19. Jülich-Cleves dispute, 1614 • Calvinist Brandenburg governor vs. Pfalz-Neuburg governor (Wolfgang Wilhelm who announced his conversion to Catholicism in 1614) • Spanish and Dutch involvement: 3:1 garrisons • Protestant Union falters (p. 254) • cases about violation of religious peace decline • caseload of Reichshofrat increases

  20. Uskok War and the Habsburg Succession, 1615-1617 • “The main threat to peace was not confessional tension in the Empire, but the continued uncertainty surrounding the Habsburg succession. Matters were brought to a head by renewed trouble on the Ottoman-Habsburg frontier that led to far more serious fighting than that around Jülich” (p. 255) • Why is this quotation important in the context of Wilson’s argument?

  21. Uskok War and the Habsburg Succession, 1615-1617 • Uskoksvs Venice • Anglo-Dutch support for Venice • Spanish support for Uskoks / Austrian Habsburgs • Solution 1: Treaty of Madrid (1617) • The Habsburgs agree to relocate the Uskoks in return for Venice’s military withdrawal. • Solution 2: Oñate Treaty (1617) = Document 9 • What is the basic quid pro quo of this treaty? • Why did it make sense for Ferdinand to keep this treaty secret?

  22. On the brink? • Protestant disunity • the plight of the Union • Palatine millenarianism • stalwart Saxony • Matthias Hoë von Hoënegg • 1617 celebrations • Composition fails • Catholics and Protestant disunity • succession vs. resolution of religious disputes

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