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History 321: State and Society in Early Modern Europe: The Thirty Years War

History 321: State and Society in Early Modern Europe: The Thirty Years War. Reminders. What is a primary source? not editorial introductions, comments, footnotes Leading class discussion: 10 March Colin, Pasha, Curtis article by David Parrot in The Military Revolution Debate (on reserve)

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History 321: State and Society in Early Modern Europe: The Thirty Years War

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  1. History 321: State and Society in Early Modern Europe:The Thirty Years War

  2. Reminders • What is a primary source? • not editorial introductions, comments, footnotes • Leading class discussion: 10 March • Colin, Pasha, Curtis • article by David Parrot in The Military Revolution Debate (on reserve) • article by Derek Croxton, Journal of Military History • Leading class discussion: 12 March • Thomas, Mark • article by Mortimer in Early Modern Military History (on reserve)

  3. Maps • Pyrenees: http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/pyrenees.htm • Franco-Spanish War, 1635-1659: http://www.emersonkent.com/map_archive/franco_spanish_war_1635.htm • Spain’s War with France and the Dutch Republic: http://www.emersonkent.com/map_archive/thirty_years_war_1635.htm

  4. Questions • Why did Spain decline after 1635? • How can we characterize the war in the Empire after 1635?

  5. Spain’s decline • War in Italy, 1635-1642 • France’s objective • close Valtellina pass • restore control to Protestants • Henri de Rohan • French victory 1635 • reverse 1636 • Spain’s “alliance with heretics” (p. 647) to regain transit through Valtellina • lack of Protestant support for French conflict with Milan

  6. Spain’s decline • War in Italy • civil war in Savoy (1639-1642) • France vs. Spain (1639-1640) • stalemate • death of Urban VIII (1644) • Innocent X (1644-1655)

  7. Spain’s decline • Attack on Spain • Pyrenees • two points of invasion • West: Fuenterrabia • East: Perpignan • East: Salces • 1638: West • 1639: East • Salces falls

  8. Spain’s decline • Revolt in Catalonia, 1640 • French figinting in Rousillon and Lerida • Revolt of Portugal, 1640 • Defenestration of Lisbon (1 December 1640) in response to demand for 6,000 troops • War of Restoration (1640-1668)

  9. Spain’s decline • Fiscal-military burden • “The monarchy remained rich, but it could no longer cope with the mounting cost of war” (p. 655). • silver imports • “Spain’s transatlantic trade collapsed in 1638-41” (p. 659) • rising taxes • diminishing population • The Army of Flanders “was insufficient to fight both France and the Dutch Republic” (p. 656). • casualty and wastage rate: +20,000 per year after 1635 • resistance to military service • losses to Dutch in West Indies

  10. Spain’s decline • Military defeats • fall of Breda, 1637 • “Victory was no longer expected; the aim now was to leave the war with honour” (p. 661). • co-ordinated attacks by France and Dutch Republic, 1638 • irrecoverable attrition rates • affect on Empire: • reduction in financial subsidies from Spain • “A Spanish success in the Netherlands would enable Ferdinand III to withdraw his troops from Luxembourg, while a Spanish defeat would free France to reinforce its army in Germany” (p. 659).

  11. Spain’s decline • Military defeats • Olivares dismissed (1643) • death of Richelieu (1642) and Louis XIII (1643) • Cardinal Mazarin • no quick peace with Spain • territorial gains in the Empire • Battle of Rocroi (1643) • political significance for France

  12. Character of the War after 1635 • “universal, anarchic and self-perpetuating violence” (quoted on p. 622 from Michael Howard, War in European History [1976]) ??? • a purposeful myth • social, economic, administrative crisis • Swedish plunder of Olmütz, 1642 (pp. 635-36) • aftermath of the Battle of Tuttlingen, 1643 (p. 643) • capture of French officers & wives • attacks of peasants on stragglers • casualties • Second Battle of Breitenfeld, 1642 (p. 638) • Battle of Jankau, 1645 (p. 695)

  13. Character of the War after 1635 • a mobile war • increased proportion of cavalry • rapid response to conflicts “in poorly defended regions” (p. 623) • fewer sieges in the Empire (vs. Netherlands)

  14. Character of the War after 1635 • a war “firmly controlled and directed” (p. 624) • “no marked decline in the skill of either senior or junior officers” (p. 624) • France: Henri deTurenne • Sweden: LennartTorstensson • Empire: Franz von Mercy

  15. Character of the War after 1635 • a war “firmly controlled and directed” (p. 624) • neutrality • Peace of Goslar (1642) • Wolfenbüttel exchanged for Hildesheim • Guelphs ceased hostilities. • France and Sweden lose Lower Saxony as a base for operation • Brandenburg • cease-fire (1641), truce (1643) • Saxony • Kötzenschenbroda Armistice (1645)

  16. Character of the War after 1635 • a war “firmly controlled and directed” (p. 624) • financial way out • Heidelberg: Bavaria France • bishoprics of Würzburg, Bamberg Sweden • “neutrality in all but name” (p. 640) • Significance • moves towards neutrality “dispel the misconception of the war’s later stages as generalized, unlimited destruction” (p. 640) • “reduced the resources avaialable to the imperial war effort and discouraged the emperor’s remaining supporters” (p. 640). • electors co-operated with princes and cities instead of relying on relationship with the Emperor

  17. Peace for War • Regensburg Reichstag, fall 1641 • united front against France and Sweden for German liberty • expansion of amnesty: Hessen-Kassel, Palatinate • an eighth electoral title

  18. War for Peace • 25 December 1641: Ferdinand III’s gesture • peace negotiations: • France and Catholic states in Münster • Sweden and Protestant states in Osnabrück • local neutrality, safe passage for envoys • background: Guelph neutrality, Brandenburg-cease fire

  19. Peacemaking during war • Westphalian Congress, 1643-1648 • “a milestone in global relations” (p. 671) • “the ideals and methods of the peace-makers have profoundly influenced the theory and practice of international relations to the present” (p. 671) • “a ground-breaking event” (p. 672) • “the first truly secular international gathering” (p. 672) • challenge to hierarchy • move towards “the modern concept of an order based on sovereign states interacting as equals, regardless of their internal form of government, resources, or military potential” (p. 672)

  20. Peacemaking during war • Westphalian Congress, 1643-1648 • participation • 198 official participants • (235 envoys and representatives) • 178 participants from the Empire • accompanying staff: bodyguards, servants, cooks, tailors, etc. • total cost: ca. 3.2 M thalers • Negotiations • Münster, Osnabrück • Osnabrück: most Imperial matters settled here • Catholics and Protestants in both cities • bilateral talks

  21. Peacemaking during war • representatives and objectives • Spain: Count Peñaranda • France: • Claude de Mesmes, comted’Avaux • Abel Servien • comprehensive “peace of Christendom” • mutually exclusive positions • Spain: surrender of some towns in Artois

  22. Peacemaking during war • representatives and objectives • Sweden: Johan Oxenstierna (p. 675) • Empire: Maximilian, Count of Trauttmannsdorff • Pomerania

  23. Peacemaking during war • conflicting interests of Sweden and France • facade of German liberties • Sweden: • restoration of Palatinate • Pomerania: how much? • money • France: • favour of Bavaria • interests ofImperial church • division between Empire and Spain

  24. Peacemaking during war • Westphalian Congress, 1643-1648 • phases • 1643-1645: Who may participate? • 1646-1647: imperial constitution; compensation / territories for France and Sweden • 1648: comprehensive treaty, exclusion from peace?

  25. War during peacemaking • France and Sweden • renewal of alliance (1641) • “division of military labour” (p. 642) • France: west of the Black Forest • Sweden: Habsburg lands • Battle of Wolfenbüttel (1641) • Imperial victory • casualties: 3,000 (Empire); 2,000 (allies) • Battle of Kempen (1642) • in Electorate of Cologne • Hessen-Kassel in search of a victory for negotiations • Allied victory • reversal • Swedish invasion of Silesia and Moravia, 1642 • fortress of Olmütz

  26. War during peacemaking • Sweden at war • Second Battle of Breitenfeld (1642) • Swedish victory • War with Denmark (1643-1645) • objectives • invasion of Holstein (December 1643) • fall of Christianpreis fort, Kiel (January 1644) • naval war • Imperial intervention, 1644 • Kiel changes hands • fall of Bremen and Verden • Peace of Brömsebro, 1645

  27. War during peacemaking • Sweden at war • Battle of Jankau, 6 March 1645 • “a disaster for the Emperor” (p. 695) • advance on Vienna, April 1645 • brief co-operation with Transylvania • diffused by Imperial diplomacy • Imperial “resilience and ingenuity” (p. 698) • negative strategic consequences

  28. War during peacemaking • France at war • Battle of Tuttlingen (1643) • Imperial victory vs. France • Battle of Freiburg (1644) • Bavarians took Freiburg, 29 July • “the longest and one of the toughest battles of the war” (p. 683): 3 and 5 August • stalemate with heavy casualties • French gains on middle Rhine • Baden, bishoprics of Speyer and Worms, Philippsburg

  29. War during peacemaking • France at war • Battle of Herbsthausen / Mergenthehim, 5 May 1645 • Imperial victory • Battle of Allerheim, 3 August 1645 • French “strategic success” (p. 704)

  30. Peacemaking during war • Participation of the Imperial estates in the Westphalian congress • observers? • Amalie Elisabeth, Hessen-Kassel, champion of aristocratic interests • proposal: estates to meet in confessional groups • support from Sweden and France • Emperor: invitation to estates to participate in traditional three colleges (29 August 1644)

  31. Peacemaking during war • Imperial proposals • concessions to Sweden • Pomerania, Bremen, Verden • concessions to Brandenburg • Magdeburg, Halberstadt • concessions to France • Alsace • concession to Protestant estates • abandonment of restitution • concession to peace process • abandonment of Spain in a separate peace if absolutely necessary

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