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President Thomas Jefferson. The election of 1800 is messy. Alexander Hamilton steps in and decides the election.
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Alexander Hamilton steps in and decides the election. • After a tied electoral vote, the vote went to the House of Representatives. The house voted 25 times before one representative (convinced by Hamilton that Jefferson was the lesser of two evils), elected Jefferson president. • Of course, Burr became Vice President. Jefferson's greatest ally, James Madison becomes Secretary of State.
12th Amendment to the Constitution • Added after this election saying that President and Vice President must run together on a ticket.
The Revolution of 1800 • Revolution of 1800: The changing of political parties from Federalists to Democratic –Republicans without violence. It was seen as a call for smaller government • Jefferson himself called it a revolution.
William Marbury Versus James Madison • Ex – Pres Adams made several “midnight appointments” to circuit and supreme court • Jefferson becomes president & refuses to acknowledge appointments • Federalist Marbury denied his judgeship • In 1803, Chief Justice John Marshall believed the case should NOT be heard in the Supreme Court & established judicial review • Enabled Court to decide weather laws passed by Congress were constitutional
Jeffersonian reforms • Priority to cutting federal debt, taxes • Federal expenses trimmed by cutting military • Reduction of the army removes threat to Republican government • Competent bureaucrats retained regardless of party • Some Federalists retire from public life • Ambitious Federalists become Democratic-Republicans
What about the Sedition Act and what about the hated bank?? • The Federalists were smart enough to let the act expire in early 1801so it could not be used against them by the Democratic-Republicans. • Jefferson embraces the bank.
War with the Barbary Pirates • - War with Barbary Pirates • Algeria, Libya, Tunisia, Morocco (Barbary States) • Force for tribute • Jefferson sent Navy because U.S. had already paid 10 million in bribe money under Washington and Adams. • 4 years of fighting • This is the first time that American troops were committed to battle over seas.
Expansion • Intense migration to West after 1790 • New States - Vermont 1791 • Kentucky--1792 • Tennessee--1796 • Ohio--1803 • Western regional culture rootless, optimistic
Toussaint L’Ouverture • However, when the French colony of Haiti rebelled against the French and won • While at the same time Great Britain began another war with the French in Europe • Napoleon surprised Jefferson by offering to sell not only New Orleans but the entire Louisiana region
The Louisiana Purchase • 1803--Jefferson sent a mission (headed by James Monroe) to France to buy the port city of New Orleans for Ten Million Dollars. • Napoleon refuses the sale of the city and instead offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million - three cents per acre.
Was the purchase legal? • Constitution vague on Congressional authority to purchase. • Federalists claim that he is acting above his Constitutional authority. • Jefferson claims that the necessary and proper clause gives him the authority to make the purchase for the safety and well being of the nation. • Jefferson out Federalizes the Federalists.
The Expedition • Mission of forty men, all hand chosen for strength and river skills, including York, Lewis’ slave. • They meet Sacajawea, who helps them on their expedition, in North Dakota. She had a baby along the way. • 1806 - They return to Missouri. • U.S. claim to Oregon boasted. At Fort Clatsop, for the first time in recorded American history, a woman a a slave voted on the location of the winter fort. • Provided info including maps, wildlife and plant samples, and made positive relations with the natives.
Results • With all kinds of drawings, writings, and new information about the lay of the land and the wildlife within about the Oregon and Louisiana territories • The exploration led the way for the rapid migration of settlers to the Pacific Northwest • The pathway these settlers followed from Missouri became known as the Oregon Trail • It marked a turning point for a new nation economically as it began to pursue prosperity from within its own borders rather than from other nations
Aaron Burr dropped by Thomas Jefferson • Early 1804, he attempted to form a political pact with some New York Federalists which would give him the governorship. Then he would link New York to New England and lead a secessionist’s movement to break New England and New York away into a separate country. The conspiracy disintegrated after Hamilton stole Burr’s thunder by reporting it Thomas Jefferson.
The big duel • July 1804 – Aaron Burr (V.P.) killed Hamilton on the banks of the Hudson River (Jersey side) in a duel while he was still VP.
Burr on Trial for Treason • 1806 Burr Trial for Treason – Aaron Burr next attempted to raise an army to take over Mexico and then link it together with the Louisiana Purchase and steal Louisiana from the United States. Jefferson caught wind of the plot and had him arrested. During the trial, Chief Justice John Marshall (who hated Jefferson), decided that he was not actively participating in treason, only talking about it, so he dismissed the trial.
How is Burr associated with our region? • His daughter Theodosia Burr married South Carolina Governor Joseph Alston of the Oaks Plantation, now part of Brookgreen Gardens.
Embargo Act of 1807: Jefferson’s greatest failure • Embargo Act – 1807 • Cuts off all trade with the world. • 1806 – 110 million in exports • 1808 – 20 million in exports • Smuggling might account for 50 million
Jefferson Out federalizes the Federalists • By placing the embargo, homemade manufacturing increased. New factories were constructed, and Thomas Jefferson, without trying to do so, did more for manufacturing than his chief political rival Alexander Hamilton (the noted champion of industry and banking) did. • Nonetheless, the nation, both north and south, hated the embargo act.
