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Dynamic Research, Inc.

Dynamic Research, Inc. PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF REGULATION 78-ANNEX 4-APPENDIX DETERMINATION OF TEST TRACK SURFACE FRICTION. This document is confidential and proprietary, and it is not to be released to anyone without the permission of Dynamic Research, Inc.

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Dynamic Research, Inc.

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  1. Dynamic Research, Inc. PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF REGULATION 78-ANNEX 4-APPENDIX DETERMINATION OF TEST TRACK SURFACE FRICTION This document is confidential and proprietary, and it is not to be released to anyone without the permission of Dynamic Research, Inc. 355 Van Ness Ave • Torrance • California 90501 • 310-212-5211 • Fax 310-212-5046 • www.dynres.com

  2. Dynamic Research, Inc. OBJECTIVES - SURFACE FRICTION MEASUREMENTS • Accomplish measurements of available surface friction for use in "utilization of adhesion" ABS tests • Measurement of “K” according to ECE R78 Annex 4 Appendix with: • 4 test riders • 3 ABS motorcycles, ABS disabled • Measurement of “Peak Braking Coefficient” based on ASTM E1337 Procedure. This is consistent with ISO 8349

  3. Dynamic Research, Inc. SURFACES • High friction pavement • Low friction sealed wetted surface

  4. Dynamic Research, Inc. RIDERS • Ideal test rider for purposes of R78-ann4-app would be: • Able to consistently perform braking maneuvers at the limits of adhesion • Able to recover when limits of adhesion are exceeded • Able to follow instructions even when they are complex • Experienced in the test being conducted • Objective in interpretation of instructions • Characteristics of riders used for this study • Experience with engineering evaluations of vehicles (3/4) • Highly skilled motorcycle riders (4/4)

  5. Dynamic Research, Inc. RIDERS(cont‘d) • Rider 1: Engineer, experienced amateur racer • Rider 2: Engineering test rider with previous experience in braking evaluations and with motorcycle road racing • Rider 3: Engineering test rider with previous experience in braking evaluations and with extensive motorcycling experience • Rider 4: Experienced amateur racer and professional race instructor, experienced in teaching limit braking skills

  6. Dynamic Research, Inc. MOTORCYCLES • BMW R1200 GS • Partially integral combined brake system: hand lever operates F&R brakes, foot pedal operates R brake • ABS off switch • BMW R1200 RT • Partially integral combined brake system: hand lever operates F&R brakes, foot pedal operates R brake • BMW K1200 LT • Fully integral combined brake system: F&R systems both activated by either hand lever or foot pedal • For K measurements, ABS was disabled on all motorcycles

  7. Dynamic Research, Inc. INSTRUCTIONS TO TEST RIDERS FOR K MEASUREMENT In order to maximize reproducibility: • Used R78-ann4-app to the extent feasible • Some “clarifications” were needed in order tomake the instructions more clear and less ambiguous • Some “variations” were in order to study the effects of “maximum control force” and “non-constant control force” • Riders were reminded to avoid capsize

  8. Dynamic Research, Inc. BASELINE INSTRUCTIONS (deviations from R78 are marked in red bold) 1. DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF ADHESION (K) FOR PURPOSES OF VERIFYING THE TEST SURFACES 1.1. The coefficient of adhesion shall be determined from the maximum braking rate, without wheel lock, of the vehicle with the anti-lock device(s) disconnected and braking both wheels or systemssimultaneously. [1]/ 1.2. Braking tests shallbe carried out by applying the brakes at an initial speed of about 60 km/h (or, in the case of vehicles unable to attain 60 km/h, at a speed of about 0.9 Vmax) to a stopwith the vehicle unladen (except for any necessary test instrumentation and/or safety equipment). As constant a force as is practicablemust be used on each brake controlthroughout the tests. 1.3. A series of tests may be carried out up to the critical point reached at incipientwheel(s) lock by varying both the hand and the footbrake control forces, in order to determine the maximum braking rate of the vehicle. [2]2/

  9. Dynamic Research, Inc. NON-CONSTANT FORCE INSTRUCTIONS (deviations from R78 are marked in redbold) 1. DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF ADHESION (K) FOR PURPOSES OF VERIFYING THE TEST SURFACES 1.1. The coefficient of adhesion shall be determined from the maximum braking rate, without wheel lock, of the vehicle with the anti-lock device(s) disconnected and braking both wheels or systemssimultaneously. [1]/ 1.2. Braking tests shallbe carried out by applying the brakes at an initial speed of about 60 km/h (or, in the case of vehicles unable to attain 60 km/h, at a speed of about 0.9 Vmax) to a stopwith the vehicle unladen (except for any necessary test instrumentation and/or safety equipment). 1.3. A series of tests may be carried out up to the critical point reached at incipientwheel(s) lock by varying both the hand and the foot brake controlforces, in order to determine the maximum braking rate of the vehicle. [2]2/

  10. Dynamic Research, Inc. BRAKING RATE CALCULATION

  11. Dynamic Research, Inc. RESULTSSurface Friction K Measurements Rider Using “Constant” Braking Force, as required by R78 Best 3 runs selected for each rider Brake    Surface Motorcycle        Mean    Std Dev Both     High      R1200 GS         0.695   0.103 Both     High      R1200 RT          0.793   0.206 Both     High      R1200 LT          0.608   0.119 Both     Low      R1200 GS         0.278   0.096 Both     Low      R1200 RT          0.336   0.115 Both     Low      R1200 LT          0.313   0.053

  12. Dynamic Research, Inc. RESULTSSurface Friction K Measurements Rider Using “Non Constant” Braking Force Best 3 runs selected for each rider Brake Surface Motorcycle Mean Std Dev Both High R1200GS 0.778 0.083 Both High R1200 RT 0.924 0.084 Both High R1200LT 0.672 0.035 Both Low R1200GS 0.346 0.102 Both Low R1200 RT 0.386 0.089 Both Low R1200LT 0.400 0.032

  13. Dynamic Research, Inc. RESULTSSurface Friction PBC Measurements (ASTM E1337) High mu at start of Phase I Individual Samples 1.011 1.003 0.988 0.954 0.983 1.046 0.974 1.016 0.994 0.931 0.972 0.955 0.920 0.994 0.933 0.985 Mean 0.979 Standard Deviation 0.034 High mu at end of Phase I(night time, surface possibly damp) IndividualSamples 0.946 0.901 0.890 0.851 0.882 0.857 0.919 0.939 0.940 0.946 0.919 Mean 0.908 Standard Deviation 0.035

  14. Dynamic Research, Inc. RESULTSSurface Friction PBC Measurements (ASTM E1337) Low mu at start of Phase I IndividualSamples 0.531 0.437 0.516 0.529 0.492 0.533 0.521 0.470 0.522 0.487 0.434 0.538 0.424 0.427 Mean 0.504 Standard Deviation 0.041 Low mu at end of Phase I IndividualSamples 0.505 0.554 0.507 0.542 0.507 0.471 0.484 0.550 0.505 0.474 0.526 0.462 0.510 Mean 0.507 Standard Deviation 0.030

  15. Dynamic Research, Inc. RESULTSSurface Friction PBC Measurements Example Raw Data from PBC Test

  16. Dynamic Research, Inc. RESULTSSurface Friction PBC Measurements Example Raw Data from PBC Test

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