Review from last class

1. Review from last class • What are some of the new features of the classical style (as compared to Baroque) • What is a sonata cycle? • What are its main parts? • Four movements 1. Fast sonata-allegro form, 2. Slow, 3. Minuet-trio • 4. Fast, sonata or rondo

2. Review from last class • What is sonata-Allegro form? • Define exposition, development, and recapitulation • What is Rondo form? • ABACA

3. The Classical Orchestra • Instrumentation... • Central body of strings • Small group of woodwinds (2 each) • Trumpets and drums for special occasions • No trombones, tuba, etc.

4. Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) • lost his voice -- and his choral position at sixteen • Followed teaching, freelancing • Then service of the Esterhazy- Hungarian princes • Haydn had huge duties, but special opportunities to experiment

5. Haydn’s Works • chamber music • opera • vocal music (masses & oratorios - in Handelian tradition) • over 100 symphonies

6. Haydn’s Symphony 94 • One of 12 written for special tours in London • Called the “Surprise” (LG 28) • 2nd movement • form-- combines theme & variations with ternary ABA form • Loud timpani crash is the surprise

7. Ludwig van Beethoven • Known as a transitional figure from Classical to Romantic periods • Born in Bonn, Germany • Influenced by ideals of Enlightenment… • Freedom • Individual rights • Equality, brotherhood

8. Ludwig van Beethoven • Patronage system was declining • One of the first to successfully make it as a freelance musician • Had wealthy patrons who paid him a stipend…. • But no full-time position

9. Ludwig van Beethoven • Started to go deaf around 1800 • This personal crisis lead to changes in his music. • Heligenstadt Testament… • Beethoven comments on his personal crisis and the role of art in saving him • These ideas look forward to the Romantic era

10. Ludwig van Beethoven • Three compositional periods… • First period: based on style of Haydn and Mozart • Second period: expands these traditional forms (eg. longer development sections) • Third period: transcendent, defies a concise description

11. Beethoven’s 5th • Movements • 1. Sonata (4-note motive) • 2. Theme and variations (4-note motive) • 3. Scherzo (4-note motive) (same form as Minuet) … • NO BREAK - 4. Sonata-allegro form (4 note motive) (with 3rd movt. coming back).

12. Beethoven’s 5th • Motive Short-short-short-LONG • This motive of three shorts and a long returns in each movement, making it CYCLIC. • We will focus on the first movement and third movement (starting at CD 4 track 35 and CD 4 track 48)

13. Beethoven’s 5th • Listening to the first movement... • Listen for the many different versions of this motive. • Occurs in accompaniment, reverse melodic direction, variation, etc.

14. Beethoven’s 5th • Listening to the first movement… • First theme (based on that 4-note motive) • Second theme • Long development section (Compared to Mozart) based on first theme • Recapitulation

15. Beethoven’s 5th • Third movement is a SCHERZO... • a substitute for the minuet in the classical symphony • Means “joke” • Characterized by abrupt changes in mood • Triple meter, rhythmically driving • Like the minuet, as a trio section in the middle, making it ABA form

16. Beethoven’s 5th • Second movement • Theme and variation form. With two different themes • Theme 2 used the 4-note motive • Listen for the variation form

17. Classical Concerto vs. Baroque • emphasis shifts to solo (1 solo) vs. orchestra • more integration of orchestra and solo • Has three movements, fast-slow-fast • featuring a cadenza …

18. Mozart Piano Concertos • most were written for himself or his sister Nannerl • As a vehicle for self-promotion • 3 movements (rather than 4 of typical sonata-cycle) • Sonata/Concerto, Slow movt, Rondo