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U.S. Harbor Improvements: Planning for the Future and Protecting the Environment

U.S. Harbor Improvements: Planning for the Future and Protecting the Environment. Presented to The First Hemispheric Convention On Port Environmental Protection 21-24 July, 2009 Foz do Iguaçu - Paraná - Brasil. Lillian Almodovar

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U.S. Harbor Improvements: Planning for the Future and Protecting the Environment

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  1. U.S. Harbor Improvements: Planning for the Future and Protecting the Environment Presented to The First Hemispheric Convention On Port Environmental Protection 21-24 July, 2009 Foz do Iguaçu - Paraná - Brasil Lillian Almodovar Senior Manager and Deputy Director Institute for Water Resources U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

  2. National Challenge: Marine Transportation System • Value of all foreign trade represents nearly 30% of nation’s GDP (vs 13% in 1970) • Overseas waterborne trade • 95% of overseas trade by volume • 75% of overseas trade by value • 16 million direct jobs • About $2.3 trillion in economic activity • System nearing capacity until current downturn • Cargo volumes still projected to double by 2025-30 • Already a generation behind in channel design – but West Coast in better shape • Capacity constraints increase transportation costs, pollution, congestion

  3. Inland Waterway System: Nearly 12,000 Miles 9 ft & Over 196 Lock Sites / 242 Chambers Moving Over 600 Million Tons About 2/3rds Cost of Rail and 1/10 Cost of Truck U.S. Ports: Vital to Trade…and to Our National Economy Anacortes Seattle Tacoma Kalama 53 harbors – coastal, inland, Great Lakes - handled over 10 million tons each in 2007… Two Harbors Portland Duluth/Superior Portland Boston Detroit Pittsburgh Chicago New York/NJ Toledo Lower Delaware River (9 harbors) Indiana Hbr Richmond Cleveland Baltimore Cincinnati Oakland Hampton Roads Huntington St. Louis Los Angeles Memphis Million Tons Long Beach Charleston Over 100 Baton Rouge Savannah Pascagoula Lake Charles Jacksonville 50 - 100 Houston Barbers Pt Mobile Texas City Tampa 25 - 50 Honolulu Plaquemines Freeport Port Arthur 10 - 25 Matagorda New Orleans Beaumont Valdez S. Louisiana Corpus Christi Port Everglades

  4. Forecast Total World Container Trade2000 - 2024 • Doubled from 60 million TEUs in 2000 to about 120 million in 2008 • Slight decline forecast in 2009 • Renewed growth to about 260 million TEUs by 2024 • That is down 40 million TEU from earlier forecasts Million TEUs Decline from Previous forecast Source: IHS Global Insight, Inc. Dec 08

  5. Forecast Top 5 Container Exporters2000 - 2024 • And China accounts for 1/3rd of this trade… • (But exports down 20% from earlier forecasts) Source: IHS Global Insight, Inc. Dec 08

  6. Top 20 Container Ports by TEUs

  7. Forecast Asia Container Tradewith North America: 2000 - 2024 • Asia-North America eastbound flows over 13 million TEU in 2007 • May fall by 10% in ’08-09 • Projected to reach over 30 million TEU by 2024 • Despite current downturn, will be huge challenge for U.S. ports to handle projected volume Source: IHS Global Insight, Inc. Dec 08

  8. U.S. Harbor Deepening Challenges Future Trade Volumes and Vessels • Study Process: The difficult and lengthy process to study, design, authorize and appropriate funds for channel improvements; • Funding: The uncertainties associated with the annual federal appropriation process for projects underway; • Dredging: The escalating costs of dredging and dredged material placement, and associated environmental mitigation activities; and • Handling Facilities and Space:The need for vastly expanded cargo handling facilities and improved intermodal connections, coupled with limitations on port expansion and encroachment of other land uses on port facilities.

  9. Ever Larger ContainershipsDriving Need for Ever Deeper Channels 1970-1980 2,305 TEU 10-11 Containers Wide 1985 3,220 TEU 11-13 Containers Wide 1986-2000 4,848 TEU 13-17 Containers Wide 2000-2005 8,600+ TEU 17-22 Containers Wide Pre-1970 1,700 TEU <10 Containers Wide SEALEVEL 11.6- 12.8m 10m <9m 12.8-14m > 14m

  10. Deep Draft Challenges: Mega-shipsEMMA MAERSK11,000 (14,000?) TEUs • “M/S Emma Maersk” christened Aug 2006 • Capacity could be as high as 14,000 TEUs • LOA of 397 m • Beam of 56 m • Draft 15.5 m • 170,974 gt • Speed 25.5 knots S Class 6800 TEU L Class 14,000 TEU Source: Journal of Commerce August 2006, Marine Log December 2006, TranSystems 2007

  11. 17.7 7.4 5.1 Depth-Constrained Containership Calls in 2020, with and without Planned Harbor Projects(in thousands of ship calls) 14.0 4.5 3.8 Pacific Coast As of 2009: Construction / Design Funds Authorized – Funds Pending 2.5 Atlantic Coast 1.1 1.6 Study Funds Under Construction/ Study for Additional Improvements Gulf Coast

  12. Construction / Design Funds Authorized – Funds Pending Study Funds Under Construction/ Study for Additional Improvements Meeting the Challenge: Key Harbor Improvement Projects Funded in 09 Great Lakes System Study Bucks Hbr • 33 harbor improvements in ’09 appropriation/ARRA • $468 million federal • Long-term investment of over $5.6 billion Columbia R Sault Ste Marie (Soo Locks) Burlington Bass Hb Searsport Portsmouth Boston New York/NJ SF Bay to Stockton (multiple projects) Indiana Hbr Sacramento Delaware River Redwood City Poplar Is. (Balt) Oakland 50-ft Norfolk Harbor James River Elizabeth R Los Angeles Main Channel Long Beach Wilmington Sabine- Neches Savannah (2 projects) Houston/ Galveston Jacksonville Iberia Canaveral Mobile Barbers Pt Valdez Texas City Anchorage Yakutat Freeport Tampa St. Paul Hbr Maalaea Port Everglades Seward Akutan Corpus Christi Homer Miami (Main Chnl & LaQuinta Chnl) Sitka Hilo Unalaska Brazos Island Hbr

  13. Principal US Harbor ImprovementsFunded in 2009* * Includes 2-year ARRA funding.

  14. Major Port ImprovementEnvironmental Mitigation Initiatives • Environmental Sustainability Goals & Policies • Meet the needs of the present without compromising the quality of life of future generations. • Maintain economic growth while producing an absolute minimum of pollution, repairing environmental damages of the past, producing less waste, and extending opportunities to live in a pleasant and healthy environment. • Meet human needs by maintaining a balance between development, social equality, ecology, and economics. • Demand systematic considerations of environmental impact, energy use, natural resources, economy, and quality of life. • Has optimal benefit only when addressed at the inception of a project, and throughout the entire life cycle of a project -- from concept to planning, to programming, design, construction, and ownership.

  15. New York & New Jersey 50-Ft (15.2m) Harbor Deepening Project by Increment • Authorized WRDA 2000 • 50-foot (15.2m) channels to four container terminals (5.3m TEUs in 07) • 53-foot (16.2m) Ambrose (entrance) Channel • Kill Van Kull Channel – 50 ft • Parts of Newark Bay Channels - 50 ft • Arthur Kill Channel – 50 ft • Port Jersey Channel and the Bay Ridge Channel - ft • Estimated Cost: $1.6 billion • About 70% complete Newark Bay Elizabeth Port Authority Marine Terminal Upper New York Bay Kill Van Kull Channel Arthur Kill Channel

  16. Major Port ImprovementEnvironmental Mitigation Initiatives • New York & New Jersey Harbor: • Reestablish attributes of a natural, functioning, and self-regulating ecosystem; • Comprehensively restore the New York and New Jersey Harbor to become a world-class harbor estuary; • Improve sediment quality, water quality and enhance habitat within the Harbor Estuary; • Preserve and restore wetlands and rivers, protecting public drinking water, create habitats for endangered wildlife, and cleanup hazardous material from residential communities.

  17. Bayou Reach Lost L. Houston-Galveston45-foot (13.7m)Deepening Project Alexander Island • Entrance Channel and Houston Ship Channel sections completed in 05 (53 miles/86km) • Construction of “Barge Lanes” • Numerous beneficial use sites • Galveston Channel being completed (ARRA) • $782 million ($541 federal / $241 local) • Over 200 million tons of cargo annually (1.8m TEUs in 07) Bay Reach: Houston Ship Channel Mid-Bay Marsh Bolivar Marsh Bird I. Entrance Channel Reach Galveston Channel Reach Berm

  18. Major Port ImprovementEnvironmental Mitigation Initiatives • Houston-Galveston Navigation Improvement Project Included Many Environmental Initiatives: • 118 acres of oyster reef in mid-Galveston Bay near the Houston Ship Channel; • Other shallow water habitat areas created for birds, fish and other species • Dredged material used to create an island for bird habitat which quickly attracted users; • Levees were built to create confined dredge material disposal areas that will eventually be marsh grass; • A portion of eroded Red Fish Island is being reconstructed.

  19. Oakland 50-Ft (15.2m) Deepening • Handled 2.4 m TEUs in 2007 • 5th largest container handling port in U.S. (just passed by Savannah) • 50-ft (15.2m) Deepening Underway • Auth WRDA 99 • 13 mcy dredge material removal, including: • 7 mcy for shallow draft habitat • 2.6 mcy for tidal wetlands restoration • Total Cost: $408 million ($225m Federal) • Will be 100% complete with FY09-10 ARRA funds • About $700 million in port facility expansions underway associated with channel deepening

  20. Complete Outer Harbor Deepening & Turning Basin Deepen Entrance & Outer Harbor Channel Construct Middle Harbor Deepen & Widen Inner Harbor Turning Basin (2) Dike Construction Deepen Inner Harbor Channel (1) OAKLAND HARBOR DEEPENING TO 50 FEET (15.2M) Complete Underway in 09 FY09-10 ARRA Turning Basin (1) Deepen Inner Harbor Channel (2)

  21. Major Port ImprovementEnvironmental Mitigation Initiatives • Oakland Harbor 45 and 50-foot Channels: • Sonoma Baylands: This completed project restored tidal salt marsh habitat on a 348‑acre-diked hayfield on the north shore of San Pablo Bay utilizing 1.7 million cubic yards of dredge material from Oakland Harbor. After the dredge material was consolidated, tidal action was reintroduced. • Montezuma Wetlands: Dredged material is being used for restoration and habitat creation at this upland site. • Hamilton Army Airfield: The project site is located on San Pablo Bay and includes 988 acres of a former military airfield and an adjacent site. The levee-protected site has subsided below the elevation of surrounding properties, including the tidal wetlands immediately adjacent to the Bay. This wetlands restoration project provides beneficial reuse of dredge material from Oakland and San Francisco Bay. The California State Coastal Conservancy is the non- Federal sponsor.

  22. Uncertainties Impact Harbor Investment Decisions • Future trade growth rate • Future vessel fleet – and where will they call? • Panama Canal expansion – implications for vessel routings • Use of Transhipment Hubs – Bahamas? Caribbean? • Stimulus funds accelerate some projects, but then funding uncertain • Future funding levels may be constrained by growing federal deficit

  23. Development of transhipment ports in the Caribbean and Bahamas may affect size and number of vessels calling US East and Gulf coasts

  24. Canal traffic nearly 60% containerized cargo • Forecast to grow from 3.2m TEUs in 2007 to 7.4m TEUs in 2015 • New locks 1400’ x 180’ x 60’ • Designed to accommodate 12,600 TEU vessel with max draft of 50’ • How will this change fleet calling US ports?

  25. A Way Forward • Reliable funding stream to complete ongoing projects and ensure completion of associated environmental mitigation and restoration actions; • Work with various government agencies, NGOs and stakeholders toward consensus on how to move forward on critical improvements; • Streamline study, design and authorization process; • Improve analytical tools to better assess future trade routes and vessel fleets; and • Work with state and local port authorities to move quickly to add cargo handling facilities and improve intermodal connections in an environmentally sustainable manner.

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