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Unit 13

Unit 13. Respiratory System and Pulmonology. Respiratory System. Primary functions: Inspiration of oxygen Expiration of carbon dioxide. Respiratory System. Movement of air: Nasal and sinus passages Pharynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli. Structures of the Respiratory System.

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Unit 13

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  1. Unit 13 Respiratory System and Pulmonology

  2. Respiratory System • Primary functions: • Inspiration of oxygen • Expiration of carbon dioxide

  3. Respiratory System • Movement of air: • Nasal and sinus passages • Pharynx • Trachea • Bronchi • Bronchioles • Alveoli

  4. Structures of the Respiratory System

  5. Exchange of Gases • Oxygen diffuses through alveolar wall into surrounding capillaries • Hemoglobin transports oxygen to cells • Carbon dioxide moves from tissues into bloodstream • Carbon dioxide moves into alveoli and is exhaled

  6. Respiratory Combining Forms

  7. Respiratory Combining Forms

  8. Lungs • pneumon/o = combining form • Examples: • pneumon/o/pathy = any lung disease • pneumon/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage of lungs • pneumon/o/melan/osis = lung disease characterized by black lung tissue • melan/o

  9. Lung Conditions • Examples: • pneumon/itis = inflammation of lungs • pneumon/ia = acute inflammation of lungs • Caused by: • Bacteria, fungi, and viruses • Treatment: • Antibiotics • atel/ectasis = collapsed lung • Dilated or expanded

  10. Lung Procedures • Examples: • pneumon/o/tomy = incision into lung • pneumon/ectomy = excision of part or all of lung • pneumon/o/centesis = surgical puncture of lung to remove fluid • pneumon/o/pexy = surgical fixation or attachment of prolapsed lung

  11. Lungs • pulmon/o = another combining form for lungs • Used only in a few words • Examples: • pulmon/ary and pulmon/ic = pertaining to lungs • cardi/o/pulmon/ary = pertaining to heart and lungs • pulmon/ary valve = heart valve through which blood travels to lungs • pulmon/ary embolus = blood clot moving to lung

  12. Air • pneum/o = combining form • Can also mean lung • Examples: • pneum/o/therapy = treatment with compressed air • pneum/o/meter = instrument that measures air volume in respiration • spir/o/meter = instrument that measures lung volume

  13. Air • Examples: • pneum/o/derm/a = collection of air under skin • pneum/o/thorax = collection of air in chest cavity • Air forced into cavity • pneum/o/py/o/thorax = collection of air and pus in chest cavity • pneum/o/hem/o/thorax = collection of air and blood in chest cavity

  14. Breathing • pne/o = combining form • -pnea = suffix form • Used most often • Normal breathing rate for adults: • 12 to 16 breaths per minute

  15. Breathing • Inspire • To breathe in • Expire • To breathe out

  16. Animation Click Here to Play Respiration Animation

  17. Respiratory Symptoms

  18. Respiratory Symptoms

  19. Sputum • Combination of mucus and other fluids and substances in respiratory tract • ptyal/o = combining form for sputum and saliva • Examples: • hemo/pty/sis = coughing up sputum containing blood • ptyal/o/rrhea = drooling due to excess saliva

  20. Nasal Cavity • nas/o = combining form • Examples: • nas/al = pertaining to nose • nas/itis = inflammation of nasal cavity • nas/o/scope = instrument used to examine nasal cavity

  21. Nasal Cavity • Examples: • nas/o/pharyng/itis = inflammation of nose and pharynx • nas/o/front/al = pertaining to nasal and frontal bone • nas/o/lacrimal = pertaining to nose and lacrimal (tear) duct • epi/staxis = nosebleed

  22. Throat • pharynx = throat • pharyng/o = combining form • Examples: • pharyng/o/pathy = any pharynx disease • pharyng/itis = inflammation of pharynx • pharyng/o/cele = herniation of pharynx • pharyng/o/lith = calculus in wall of pharynx

  23. Throat • Examples: • pharyng/o/tomy = incision of throat • pharyng/o/plasty = surgical repair of throat • pharyng/o/scope = instrument used to examine throat

  24. Larynx • Contains vocal cords • laryng/o = combining form • Examples: • laryng/o/pathy = any larynx disease • laryng/itis = inflammation of larynx • laryng/algia = pain in larynx • laryng/o/spasm = spasm of larynx

  25. Larynx • Examples: • laryng/o/tomy = incision into larynx • laryng/o/stomy = surgical opening into larynx • laryng/o/scope = instrument used to examine larynx

  26. Trachea • trachea = windpipe • trache/o = combining form • Examples: • trache/al = pertaining to trachea • endo/trache/al = within trachea • trache/algia = pain in trachea • trache/o/cele = herniation of trachea

  27. Trachea • Examples: • trache/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage from trachea • trache/o/py/osis = condition of trachea with pus formation • trache/o/scopy = examination of trachea • trache/o/tomy = incision into trachea • trache/ostomy = surgical creation of new opening in trachea • trache/o/laryng/o/tomy = incision of trachea and larynx

  28. Bronchi • bronch/o = combining form • bronchus = singular form • Examples: • bronch/itis = inflammation of bronchi • bronch/o/lith = calculus in bronchus • bronch/o/rrhagia = bronchial hemorrhage • bronch/o/spasm = spasm of bronchus

  29. Bronchi • Examples: • bronch/o/scope = instrument used to examine bronchi • bronch/o/scopy = examination of bronchi with instrument • bronch/o/fiber/o/scopy = use of specialized, flexible scope to examine bronchi • bronch/o/stomy = formation of new opening in bronchus • bronch/o/rrhaphy = suturing of bronchus

  30. Pleura • Membrane around lungs • pleur = combining form • pleurae = plural form • Examples: • pleur/al = pertaining to pleura • pleur/itis and pleur/isy = inflammation of pleura • pleur/algia and pleur/o/dynia = pain in pleura

  31. Pleura • Examples: • pleur/o/lith = calculus in pleura • viscer/o/pleur/al = pertaining to membrane attached to lung • pleur/o/centesis = surgical puncturing of pleura • pleur/ectomy = excision of part of pleura

  32. Diaphragm • Muscle that controls breathing • phren/o and diaphragm/o = combining forms • phren/ic and diaphragm/atic = adjectival forms

  33. Diaphragm • Examples: • diaphragm/aticbreathing = automatic breathing controlled by brain signaling diaphragm • phren/o/plegia = paralysis of diaphragm • phren/ectomy and phren/ic/ectomy = removal of portion of phrenic nerve

  34. Respiratory Diseases • Croup • Characterized by resonant, barking cough • Occurs mostly in children • Caused by: • Viral infection • Allergic reaction • Inhalation of foreign object

  35. Respiratory Diseases • Asthma • Results in: • Spasms in bronchi • Wheezing cough • Inability to take complete breath

  36. Respiratory Diseases • Asthma • Brought on by: • Overexertion • Inhalation of irritants • Infection • Emotional distress

  37. Animation Click Here to Play Asthma Animation

  38. Respiratory Diseases • Emphysema • Terminal bronchioles and alveoli lose elasticity and ability to receive and expel air • Results in: • Shortness of breath • Chronic cough • Cyanosis • Wheezing

  39. Respiratory Diseases • Emphysema • Caused by: • Smoking cigarettes • Breathing dirty, polluted air

  40. Respiratory Diseases • Pertussis • Also known as whooping cough • Characterized by shrill, whooping inspiration and cough • Prevention: • Vaccination with DTaP for children • Vaccination with Tdap for adults

  41. Directional Term: Left • sinistr/o = combining form • Origin • Latin • sinister = left • Superstition that left side is bad or evil

  42. Directional Term: Left • Examples: • sinistr/ad = toward left • sinistr/al = pertaining to left • sinistr/o/man/ual = left-handed • sinistr/o/ped/al = left-footed • sinistr/o/cardi/a = displacement of heart to left • sinistr/o/cerebr/al = pertaining to left half of cerebrum

  43. Directional Term: Left • oculus sinister (OS) = left eye • auris sinister (AS) = left ear

  44. Directional Term: Right • dextr/o = combining form for right • Origin • Latin • dexter = right • Superstition that right side is good

  45. Directional Term: Right • Examples: • dextr/ad = toward right • dextr/al = pertaining to right • dextr/o/man/ual = right-handed • dextr/o/ped/al = right-footed • dextr/o/cardi/a = displacement of heart to right • dextr/o/gastr/ia = displacement of stomach to right

  46. Directional Term: Right • oculus dexter (OD) = right eye • auris dexter (AD) = right ear

  47. Feet • pod/o and ped/i = combining forms • Examples: • pod/iatric = pertaining to feet • pod/iatry = medical specialty concerned with feet • pod/iatrist = doctor who diagnoses and treats conditions of feet • ped/i/algia and pod/algia = foot pain

  48. Hands • chir/o = combining form • Origin • Greek • cheir = hand

  49. Hands • Examples: • chir/o/spasm = spasm of hand • chir/o/plasty = surgical repair of hand • chir/o/practors = specialists who use hands to manipulate body for therapy • E.g., spinal manipulation

  50. Pediatrics • pedi/a = combining form for children • Origin • Greek • pedias = child

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