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Unit II, Chapter 25 pg 950-971 selected portions

Unit II, Chapter 25 pg 950-971 selected portions. Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron Transport Chain, ATP stores potential energy. Some cell processes req’ring energy. Na+/K+ pump (as any active transport process) Power stroke of skeletal muscle Glycolysis Flagellar motility

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Unit II, Chapter 25 pg 950-971 selected portions

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  1. Unit II, Chapter 25 pg 950-971 selected portions Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron Transport Chain, ATP stores potential energy

  2. Some cell processes req’ring energy • Na+/K+ pump • (as any active transport process) • Power stroke of skeletal muscle • Glycolysis • Flagellar motility • Microtubule movement during cell division

  3. ATP is a high energy molecule • Phosphorylation of ADP increase its PE • Forming bonds _____________________ • Breaking the bond between the 2nd and 3rd P group results in energy liberation • ATP  ADP • ATPase – enzyme, catalyzes _________ bond, creating ADP • ________ ________ is used do work

  4. Linking catabolism & anabolism

  5. Oxidation & reduction rxns • _______________- removal of electrons, or H+ • decrease potential energy content • Oxidation of glucose = cellular respiration • Usually exergonic – releases energy • Cmpds such as glucose (reduced) have lots of H  contain more chemical P.E. than the oxidized cmpds • ________________- addition of e- or H+ • increase of energy content of molecule • Oxidation & reduction rxns are always coupled

  6. Cellular respiration • ___________________ to produce ATP • To attach a phosphate group to ADP to produce ATP ____________ energy • Series 4 reactions in presence of oxygen produces more ATP than when oxygen is absent: • Glycolysis • Acetyl Coenzyme A formation • Krebs cycle • Electron Transport Chain

  7. Cellular respiration (2) • __________ cellular respiration- oxygen absent • glucose breakdown, catabolic rxns  2 pyruvic acid • This process is called glycolysis • 1 glucose yields 2 ATP • happens in cytosol • ____________- in presence of oxygen • Glycolysis + rxns 6 CO2 + 6 H2O & energy • Generates heat and 36-38 ATP • happens in mitochondria

  8. Overview of cell respiration (oxidation of glucose)

  9. Glycolysis – 10 steps, fig 25.4 • Rxn generates 4 ATP & 2 pyruvic acid* • Net gain: • 2 ATP = metabolic energy • 2 NADH = intermediate for e- transport chain • 2 H+ = intermediate for e- transport chain • * Oxygen _______, pyruvic acid  mitochondria for Krebs cycle and ETC • * Oxygen _______, pyruvic acid likely converted to lactic acid via anaerobic resp in cytosol • Lactic acid  liver to be converted to glucose

  10. Fate of pyruvic acid Oxygen present mitochondria, becomes CoA and goes to Krebs Oxygen absent – converted to lactic acid in cytosol (lactic acid  bloodstream  liver where it is converted back to pyruvic acid)

  11. 3 main results of Krebs cycle • reduced coenzymes NADH + H+ and FADH2, containing ________________ • GTP, which ___________ to make ATP • CO2 bloodstream and ________ at lungs • 6 CO2 made for every glucose • So, how do we get 36-38 ATP?....

  12. 1 glucose yields 36-38 ATP • 3 NADH + 3 H+  e- transport = 9 ATP • 1 FADH2  e- transport = 2 ATP • 1 ATP from GTP conversion • Multiply the above results by 2 because 2 Acetyl CoA come from one glucose! • 2 NADH produced during glycolysis produce 4-6 ATP • 2 NADH produced during Acetyl CoA formation also produce 6 ATP • 2 ATP from glycolysis

  13. Electron Transport Chain • Series of electron carriers (proteins called _________) in the inner mitochondrial membrane • Each carrier is reduced then oxidized • Rxns are exergonic & energy is _____ to make ATP • In aerobic resp, final e- acceptor is oxygen (gets reduced  H2O) • _____________- links chemical rxn w/H+ pump

  14. Electron Transport Chain (2) • Proton pumps send H+ from matrix to intermembrane space • Creates a gradient, H+ gets build up in the intermembrane space • H+ flow back to the matrix (by proton motive force) through a channel in ATP synthase • ATP synthase adds a P to ADP  ATP

  15. Summary of cellular respiration, fig 25.10 See also table 25.1 page 962

  16. Proteins & fats  glucose • Amino acids, glycerol, & lactic acid can be converted to glucose – ____________________ • Process by which glucose is created from non-carbohydrate sources • Stimulated by • _______________ from adrenal cortex • Also causes proteins  amino acids • _______________ from pancreas • _______________

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