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Beyond the Mississippi. 1800-1860. The Plains Indians. The Influence of Europeans. The Spanish--Introduced the Horse Initially many native groups were unchanged by the horse and continued to farm. Slowly, more and more became nomadic and followed the buffalo herds.
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Beyond the Mississippi 1800-1860
The Influence of Europeans • The Spanish--Introduced the Horse • Initially many native groups were unchanged by the horse and continued to farm. • Slowly, more and more became nomadic and followed the buffalo herds. • Indians began to raid other tribes and warfare replaced peaceful coexistence. • The number of settled villages Declined
Overview • Initially, most considered the Louisiana Purchase “Indian Country,” but Americans continued to want more and more land. The Spanish holdings in North America were looked at increasingly.
Spain’s Empire in North America • Consisted of Mexico, New Mexico, Texas and California. • Spanish had colonized the territories by building a network of mission-forts (presidios).
Mexican Independence • 1821 Mexico won independence from Spain • The new government secularized the missions • New Mexico, California and Texas began to trade more with the US. This created strong economic ties.
Texas and Independence • 1822 The first group of American settlers led by Stephen Austin entered the Texas Territory with the permission of the Mexican government. • Initially Mexicans encouraged the American colonization of TX. • 1830--Worried they’d lose TX, Mexico prohibited any more Americans from entering TX and banned slave importation.
1835--More than 30,000 Americans were living in TX and began to demand more political power. • 1835--General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna became dictator of Mexico and stripped the territories of their self government rights. • 1835--Soon after Texans and Mexicans clashed and the Texas War for Independence began.
Texas War for Independence • Santa Anna sought to squash the rebellion quickly. • The Alamo • Spanish mission in San Antonio • Texans had taken it and 200 were holed up there. • Santa Anna attacked with 4,000 men and laid siege to the for for 13 days.
No prisoners were taken and 180 Texans and Americans died including Col. William Travis, Jim Bowie, and Davy Crockett. • The Goliad Presidio • 300 Texans surrendered under the guaranteed of being treated as POW’s. • Santa Anna violated the agreement and had them shot.
March 2, 1836, Texas declared the founding of the Republic of Texas. The outlook, however, was dim. • San Jacinto River • April 21, 1836--800 Texans under Sam Houston surprised Santa Anna. • Crying “Remember the Alamo,” they routed the Mexicans in minutes. • Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign a treaty granting Texas independence. • Fall 1836, Sam Houston was elected as the first President of Texas.
Overview • After the Lewis and Clark Expedition, many Americans became interested in the Oregon Country
Missionaries and Traders • Churches began to send missionaries to the region to convert the natives. • Mountain Men—began to roam the Rockies and trap fur. Many lived like Indians.
Oregon Trail • 1843—Settlers starting heading to the Oregon Country along Indian trails explored by the mountain men. • Left from Independence, Missouri • Traveled 2,000 miles across the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains for 4-6 weeks. • Motivated by: • Land • Trade • The Challenge
Overview • 1840s—Americans began dreaming of an empire that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific—Manifest Destiny
Annexation of Texas • 1836—Texans voted to be annexed by the US. • Southerners welcomed it. Northerners opposed it. • Santa Anna warned the annexation would be considered a declaration of war. • March 1845 Congress approved the Annexation • Dec. 1845 Texas became the 28th state.
Mexican War • Prelude to War • March 1845—Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the US. • US claimed the Rio Grande was the border. Mexico claimed the Nueces River was the border. • President Polk hoped to gain the territory b/w TX and the Pacific. • Polk Sent 3K under Zachary Taylor into the disputed border area. • Mexico saw the advance as an invasion, and engaged the Americans. • May 13, 1846—Congress declared war
Bear Flag Revolt • While Congress declared war, a force under John C. Fremont moved into CA. • B/4 the news of the war came, American settlers in CA attacked the Mexican forces and declared the Republic of CA (Flag w/ a grizzly bear and a star) • The rebels and US forces defeated the Mexicans and took control of New Mex. and CA.
Fighting in Mexico • Gen. Taylor defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of Buena Vista in Feb 1847. • Sept. 14 1847—Gen. Winfield Scott took Mexico City. • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Feb 2, 1848 • Mexico gave up TX and the Rio Grande became the border. • Mexico gave New Mex and CA (2/5 of its terr.) to the US. • The US paid Mexico $15 million • US agreed to pay claims made by Americans against Mexico.
Mormons Settle Utah • Settled Utah under the leadership of Brigham Young • Founded Salt Lake City
California Gold Rush • Jan 1848—gold was discovered on John Sutter’s land. • Americans rushed west by the thousands and became known as “forty-niners.” • Boom towns appeared overnight and became ghost towns just as quickly.
