Law Enforcement & Geo-location Technology

1. Law Enforcement & Geo-location Technology Technologies for Critical Incident Preparedness Conference 2008 October 29-31, 2008 Presented by: Peter F. Small – National Law Enforcement & Corrections Technology Center Communications Technologies Center of Excellence

2. The Center System NLECTC Northeast Rome, NY NLECTC Northwest Anchorage, AK Rural LE Technology Center Hazard, KY Sensors, Surveillance and Biometrics COE New York, NY Weapons and Protective Equipment COE State College, PA Communications COE Camden, NJ Office of Law Enforcement Standards Gaithersburg, MD NLECTC Rocky Mountain Denver, CO NLECTC National Rockville, MD NLECTC West El Segundo, CA Office of Law Enforcement Technology Commercialization Wheeling, WV Border Research & Technology Center San Diego, CA Austin, TX NLECTC Southeast Charleston, SC Forensic Science COE Largo, FL National Law Enforcement & Corrections Technology Centers serving specific regions Specialty Offices and Centers

3. NLECTC Communications TechnologiesCenter of Excellence Communications Technology Focus Areas: Interoperable Voice Communications. Personnel Location. Convergent Data Services. Communications Technology Tools. * This project is supported by Award No. 2007-IJ-CX-K013 and Supplement one awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in the presentation are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice.

4. Personnel Location Geo- location technology for the purpose of tracking law enforcement personnel: Originally defined as a technology requirement by the CommTech Technology Working Group in 2005 and remains a high-priority requirement; and the nature of the work is inherently dangerous thus there is a need to determine the location and status of personnel.

5. Personnel Location Law Enforcement Officers Killed or Assaulted, FBI Statistics (2006) 48 Officers Feloniously Killed; 66 Officers Accidentally Killed; 58,634 Officers Assaulted - approx. 11% of the total number of officers employed in the US in 2006.

6. Operational Requirements Survival Tool Officer needs assistance, officer down, foot pursuits, etc. Tactical Tool SWAT operations, serious incident response, etc. Management Tool Patrol operations (foot, bike, motorcycle), personnel resource management (Languages, skills, special equipment), etc.

7. Technical Requirements Coverage: Routine Operations - Jurisdiction wide; Tactical - In-building inclusive of (3D) coverage in wired and unwired environments. Operation On all the time; Officer activation; Remote activation. Accuracy 10 meters.

8. Desired Outcome A device which can be worn by a person that provides accurate geo-location data; Outdoors and Indoors (inclusive of elevation). Person - first responder, corrections officer, convicted offender sentenced to a community based corrections program, probationer or parolee.

9. A Model for Position Location Application What to do with position location data? Computation How to compute position location data Network How to distribute position location data

10. Example Tracking at Mobile Command Center and in the Field Internet Carrier Data Network GPS Cell Tower Tracking Application Tracking Application Tracking Application Front end: Carrier Network Back end: Carrier Network GPS Mobile Command Center Cell Tower Field Field

11. Los Angeles Pilots Participants: Los Angeles Sheriff’s Department Los Angeles Police Department Purpose: Test & Evaluate geo-location technology in operational law enforcement environments: Assess operational issues/problems; Document desired outcomes; Refine technical requirements; and Employ scientific methods to assess the impact of the technology on operations.

12. Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department Objective: Test and evaluate geo-location technology as a survival tool.

13. Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department Deputy Sorenson Case: On August 2, 2003 Deputy Stephen D. Sorenson was killed in the line of duty at the age of 46. The suspect shot and dragged Deputy Sorenson behind a vehicle and left him to die in a remote area of Los Angeles County. Several agencies conducted an extensive grid search that ultimately led to the discovery of Deputy Sorenson’s lifeless body.

14. Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department Operational issues/problems Deputy needs assistance: Emergency Trigger (E-trigger) - Intended to notify dispatch that the deputy is in trouble and needs immediate assistance: Interferes with voice communications. Does not provide location information. Deputy’s assaulted / injured Foot Pursuits

15. Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department Some Test & Evaluation Challenges Quantitative: Technology must be integrated w/existing equipment: Existing radio networks (voice and data); Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD) and GIS/Mapping; Data must be made available to the agency. Location technology must work anytime & anywhere within the jurisdiction of LA County. Qualitative: Operational evaluation: Human interface (Dispatch, Command & Deputy).

16. Evaluation Considerations Who Presentation Real-time Tracking vs. Snapshots Command Center vs. Field Agent View Situation Reports Tactical vs. Longitudinal Deployment (and Uniformity) Me Tracking Blue Force Tracking Red Force Tracking Orange Force Tracking What Security/Accountability Officer-down Secure communication Privacy Position Velocity Time People Vehicles Assets }

17. Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department Concept of Operations: Integration Operation (i.e. does it work?) Pass/fail test: connect, test, document results, etc. Effectiveness and Accuracy (i.e. how well does it work?) Track users over time: Qualitative measures of accuracy against best-known ground truth, time, distance, direction of travel, etc. Survey of users: Use and quality of geo-location information, etc.

18. Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department Operational Scenario – Foot Pursuits Deputy engaged in pursuit: Technology generates accurate location data Dispatch: Knowledge level Ability to communicate location information Assisting Deputy: Knowledge level Effective response Watch Commander: Knowledge level Ability to manage incident

19. Los Angeles Police Department Objective: Test and evaluate geo-location technology as a survival, tactical and management tool. LAPD has expressed the desire to deploy geo-location technology as a multi-purpose tool to support operations.

20. Los Angeles Police Department May Day 2008: An annual demonstration to voice the rights of immigrant labor; Several hundred thousand people; and Marching routes originate from three locations and converge to a central location at City Hall.

21. Los Angeles Police Department LAPD deployed a limited number of geo-location capable cellular handsets to track police teams during the event; and Location data provided real-time situational awareness for Incident Command.