Getting the flow Working at the paragraph level Part II

1. Getting the flowWorking at the paragraph level Part II

2. Internal flow How do the sentences flow within one paragraph?

3. Internal flow Example text comparison: pg. 26 in Swales and Feak What makes one flow better than the other? - Linking words and phrases

4. Linking words & phrases Adding a thought - furthermore, moreover, in addition, in addition to Adverse - although, even though, however, nevertheless, despite

5. Linking words & phrases cont’d… Cause & effect: Because, since, therefore, as a result, consequently, hence and thus Contrast: While, whereas, in contrast, however, on the other hand, conversely

6. Linking words & phrases cont’d… Illustration: for example, for instance Intensification: in fact, on the contrary Try task 16, pg 31 in Swales and Feak

7. Punctuation to help with flow Semicolons: - join 2 independent but related sentences; can be used with connectors; they could be separate sentences (chart from Swales and Feak, pg. 29) e.g. Plant biomass is related to root volume; plants increase their biomass in response to increased root volume. OR Increasing the number of petioles can cause rapid flowering; however, flowering is also dependent on other factors.

8. Summary words Using this or these helps with flow in a paragraph This or these refers back to a noun in the previous sentence, it is either used alone or with the noun if the reference is unclear. e.g. Recently, the number of asthma cases has been increasing. This could be the result of more air pollution than ever before. (clear what ‘this’ refers to?)

9. Summary words…..cont’d What if it is not so clear? High altitude forests are characterized by highly leached soils. These also tend to be poor in nutrients. What does ‘these’ refer to?

10. Other paragraph issues – the article Articles: Definite, indefinite or none? All nouns need articles unless they are non-countable or used in a general sense. • Research is an important activity in universities. • The research undertaken by Dr. Pereira was supported by a grant. • An interesting piece of research was conducted by the Swiss team. Come up with some general rules about which article, if any, to use when, given the sentences above.

11. Other paragraph issues – the article Articles are also used in definitions – using ‘the’ or ‘a’ depends if there has been previous mention or if it is a broad category. e.g. Polymerase chain reaction is a method used in biotechnology labs. VS. Polymerase chain reaction is the method used in biotechnology labs. Are these sentences saying the same thing?

12. Other paragraph issues – using examples You use examples in the introduction and discussion of your paper, to support your ideas and to help readers understand particular points. Fits into your paragraph structure – start with a generalization, then support it with examples.

13. Using example cont’d….. For example: Generalization: Many plants and animals are threatened by global warming. Refine the idea: Many plants and animals are threatened by global warming. Polar bear, for example, are suffering from the lack of sea ice.

14. Using examples cont’d…. Introducing examples: You can use the following phrases: For instance, for example, such as , e.g. To emphasize an idea with an example: Particularly, especially For a single example: A case in point

15. Using example cont’d…. Add a suitableexample to each sentence with one of the phrases above: • Latelymany countries have introducedfees for university courses. • A small group of rootcropsconstitute an important part of ourdiets. • Certain countries are frequentlyaffected by earthquakes.

16. Using examples cont’d…. Practice examples: Practice A and B on pages 132 – 133 in Bailey HMWK: Analyze your own manuscript’s introduction