Open:

1. Open: • If you have finished your test, please have something else to work on… • Maybe retake Unit 2-3 Test? • Mrs. VM will hand back your tests as you get in! • When finished, bring to the desk at front and grab a note sheet for today!

2. Manifest Destiny The Rise of American Imperialism 1840-1860

3. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qrjg9ulR-xo&sns=fb&noredirect=1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qrjg9ulR-xo&sns=fb&noredirect=1

4. Imperialism • What is the definition of “imperialism”? • Merriam-Webster: • “The policy, practice, or advocacy of extending the power and dominion of a nation especially by direct territorial acquisitions or by gaining indirect control over the political or economic life of other areas.”

5. “Manifest Destiny” • Term coined in 1844 by John O’Sullivan • Millions of Americans in the 1840s & 50s believed that God chose Americans to control the Western Hemisphere • Felt their “divine mission” was to spread democratic institutions from "sea to shining sea." • Land greed and idealism joined into a potent mix for expansion • Began in the 1830s with Jackson & Van Buren removing the Indians from the southeast to Oklahoma.

6. John Gast, “American Progress”

7. Four waves of expansion: • Texas (1845) • Oregon (1846) • Mexican War (1846-1848) • California, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada territory • Gadsen Purchase (1853) • Completed Southern parts of Arizonaand New Mexico • http://mappinghistory.uoregon.edu/english/US/US09-01.html

8. Texas Joins the Union • Mexico had refused to recognize Texas independence since 1836. • Threatened war if U.S. should try annexation • Texas feared Mexico’s larger and superior military forces • Texas became the leading issue in the 1844 campaign (Polk v. Clay) • Opponents feared expansion of slavery into a new region • Southerners strongly supported annexation of Texas as it would add another slave state to the Union • Polk won the election

9. Texas Joins the Union • In 1845, President Tyler got a joint resolution in Congress for annexation • Required only majority vs. 2/3 support of Senate for treaty • Texas became part of the U.S. by the time Polk took the oath of office in March, 1845 • Mexico claimed the U.S. had unjustly taken Texas and refused to recognize the annexation

10. President James Polk • One of the most successful one-term presidents in U.S. history • Reduced the Tariff • Restablished the Independent Treasury System • Acquisition of California • Settlement of the Oregon dispute • Strong proponent of Jacksonian ideals (his supporters called him “Young Hickory”) • Polk was a slave-owner his entire life and owned plantations in Tennessee and Mississippi

11. Oregon • American migration flowed into the Oregon region (south of the Columbia River) • Oregon Trail (1840’s): flood of pioneers with came to Oregon on a trail blazed by Jedediah Smith. • 2,000 mile trail began at Independence, Missouri or Council Bluffs, Iowa • By 1846, 5,000 U.S. settlers lived south of Columbia River; British had only 700 people living north of river • Britain was concerned about large U.S. migration into the region • A disputed area existed between the Columbia River and the 49th parallel—compromise of the 49th parallel was initially refused by Britain

13. Oregon: “54˚40’or fight!“ • Britain was concerned about large U.S. migration into the region • A disputed area existed between the Columbia River and the 49th parallel • Polk abandoned the campaign pledge of a 54˚40’ boundary • Some Democrats had advocated "54˚40’or fight!“ • Didn't want to tip north-south political balance with new additional northern states. • Southerners, happy with Texas annexation and the election, accepted the 49th parallel. • Early in 1846, Britain agreed to the 49th parallel as the new Oregon border between the U.S. and Canada

14. Oregon Treaty (1846) • U.S. received Oregon territory south of the 49th parallel • War with Mexico influenced many senators to seek a quick end to the dispute • Northwestern states were angry that southerners got all of Texas but the U.S. did not get all of Oregon.

15. Mexican War (1846-1848) • Polk sought to buy California from Mexico • Mexico not interested as they were still angry concerning Texas’ annexation • California was seen as gateway to the Pacific • Texas’ annexation issue caused Mexico to sever diplomatic relations with U.S. • Boundary dispute • Original boundary was the northerly Nueces River; Texans claimed the Rio Grande to the South • Polk honored the Rio Grande as Texas’ boundary • Mexico less concerned over boundary, wanted Texas back

16. Mexican War (1846-1848) • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Feb.2, 1848) • Provisions: • U.S. gained California, and modern-day NM, AZ, UT & NV -- Mexico thus lost one-half of its territory • U.S. agreed to pay $15 million and assumed claims of U.S. citizens against Mexico of $3,250,000 • Guaranteed male citizens in Mexican Cession liberty and property • Treaty approved by the Senate 38-14 despite bitter debate • Whigs disapproved of war & even threatened to cut off supplies to U.S. forces in Mexico • Expansionists in South clamored for all of Mexico • Calhoun pushed for the treaty immediately before significant opposition mounted.

17. Results of Mexican War • Most significantly, the slavery issue was ignited: would slavery exist in the new territories? • In a broad sense, Mexican War contributed to the Civil War • Abolitionists saw the Mexican War as conspiracy of southern slave owners • Wilmot Proviso, 1848 (proposed law; did not pass Congress) • David Wilmot proposed a law that slavery should never exist in any of the territory gained from Mexico • Twice passed the House but not the Senate; endorsed by all but one free state • Southerners resented Northern attempts to prevent the expansion of slavery • U.S. territory increased by 1/3 (including Texas); bigger than the Louisiana Territory purchased in 1803 • U.S. forces became experienced in war; this would affect the scope of the Civil War

18. The Gadsen Purchase (1853) • U.S. sought a transcontinental railroad to connect California and Oregon to the rest of the country • Sea routes from the east coast were impractical and left the west coast militarily vulnerable • Issue in Congress: should the future transcontinental railroad route run through the North or South? • Too costly to build two railroads simultaneously • Railroad would provide enormous benefits to the region receiving it • Southern route partly below the Mexican border would provide a way around the Rocky mountains • U.S. purchased Mesilla Valley (in Southern New Mexico and Arizona) from Santa Anna for $10 million

19. Gadsen Purchase Results • South now had the advantage regarding the railroad • Proposed route ran through states or organized territory unlike Nebraska in the North; Rocky Mountains were far lower on the southern route • North rushed to organize Nebraska territory but Southerners blocked it • After the Gadsden Purchase (1854) the U.S. border below Canada and above Mexico was complete • Last territory acquired in the continental United States

20. Readings 11/15 • Pg 352 • Pg 493-502