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Reminders

Reminders. Take one of the Vowell assignments Begin reading Vowell Everything is on the website. Reconstruction, 1863-1877.

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Reminders

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  1. Reminders • Take one of the Vowell assignments • Begin reading Vowell • Everything is on the website

  2. Reconstruction, 1863-1877

  3. Though slavery was abolished, the wrongs of my people were not ended. Though they were not slaves, they were not yet quite free. No man can be truly free whose liberty is dependent upon the thought, feeling, and action of other, and who has no means in his own hands for guarding, protecting, defending, and maintaining his liberty. - Frederick Douglass, 1882

  4. Civil War Ends • Problems in the South • Rebuilding • How? • Who is responsible? • Should Confederacy be accepted in Union? • Who has the authority? • Whose interests? • Regional • Political • Economic

  5. Major Goals • Northern Republicans • Continue economic progress • Build the North into a major power • Expand cities and industry • Southern Aristocracy • Plantation owners • Need free labor • Anti-freedmen

  6. Freedmen • Equal rights • Protection under the law • Education • Economic help • Property “…free people in a free society have the ability to provide for themselves.” - Southern business owner, 1867

  7. Rebuilding Efforts • Physical rebuilding left up to the South • Southern states and rich landowners took over much of the rebuilding • Political rebuilding – federal government • Emancipation Proclamation - 1863

  8. Lincoln’s Politics • Wanted Southern states back in the Union • U.S. must stay under Republican rule • Proclamation of Amnesty (1863) • Full presidential pardon to Southerners who: • Take an oath of allegiance • Accepted emancipation of slaves • States could be reestablished if 10% of population took oath

  9. Wade Davis Bill (1864) • Conservative Republicans didn’t agree with 10% oath • Benjamin Wade/Henry Winter Davis • Raised loyalty oath to 50% • Permitted only non-Confederate voters to vote • Lincoln pocket-vetoed WDB *Republican Congress was ready to retain and control power

  10. Freedman’s Bureau (1865) • Earliest welfare agency • Provided food, education, and medical aid • Mostly for freed slaves and poor whites • General Oliver O. Howard • Education a major concern • 3,000 black schools • 200,000 learned to read

  11. Lincoln’s Final Speech • April 11, 1865 • Brought up controversial topics: • Should blacks be allowed to vote? • Should the Union give the South another chance? • Assassinated on April 14, 1865

  12. Andrew Johnson • Grew up in TN – runaway • Self-taught tailor • Won political offices in TN by championing poor whites • Appointed wartime governor of TN • Ran as Lincoln’s running mate in 1864 • Democrat • Republicans wanted him for the southern votes • White supremist– clashed with Republicans

  13. Johnson’s Policies • Reconstruction Proclamation (1865) • Much like Lincoln’s…PLUS: • Disenfranchised Confederate leaders and office holders • Disenfranchised southern landowners w/ more than $20K in property • Presidential pardon

  14. Reconstruction Legislation • 13th Amendment • Passed December 6, 1865 • Abolished slavery in ALL states • The only form of “slavery” permitted is imprisonment • Blacks were still not allowed to vote • Southerners were taking Congressional office • Alexander Stephens

  15. Black Codes • Southern states adopted race-driven codes • Blacks couldn’t own property • Debt peonage • Racial etiquette • Blacks couldn’t testify against whites in court • Separate public facilities *Northern Republicans began to question Johnson

  16. Controversy Under Johnson • Critical vetoes: • Republican bills that: • Increased protection and services offered by the Freedmen’s Bureau • Got rid of black codes • Allowed blacks to vote • Granted blacks citizenship • Radical Republicans • Feared that South would have more representation in Congress • Southern states had more strength in electoral college

  17. The Radical Program • Civil Rights Act of 1866 • All blacks were U.S. citizens • 14th Amendment • Passed in 1866/Ratified in 1868 • All persons born in U.S. were citizens • States must provided “equal protection” and due process • States required to uphold citizens’ rights

  18. Impeachment!!!! • 1867 – Congress passed Tenure of Office Act • President CANNOT fire military commanders • Strictly a political move • Republicans wanted to protect people in Cabinet • Secretary of War Edwin Stanton • Johnson fired Stanton • Republicans impeached Johnson • Never got the 2/3 vote to oust him completely

  19. Election of 1868 Ulysses S. Grant Republican Horatio Seymour Democrat

  20. 15th Amendment (1869) • Allowed black men the right to vote • Civil Rights Act of 1875 • Equal accommodations in public places • Not followed by southern states - abandoned

  21. Southern Reconstruction Military occupation of states Tennessee – 1 year Florida – 10 years Whites controlled state governments Except in South Carolina Freedmen controlled lower house in 1873

  22. Reconstruction for African Americans • Major adjustment to freedom • Migrated to North from South • Black communities • Centered around church • Formation of black colleges • Howard University • UMES • Sharecropping • African American Legislators • Educated property holders • Hiram Revels

  23. Scalawags & Carpetbaggers

  24. Ku Klux Klan

  25. Northern Reconstruction • Driven by capitalism and Industrial Revolution • Pro-business policies by Republicans • Greed and corruption • Patronage • Spoils System • Roscoe Conkling – NY • James Blaine – ME

  26. Credit Mobilier • Gave stock to railroad companies • Tried to avoid investigations into rates and profits • Railroads made huge profits by setting rates high • New York Central – 350%

  27. Election of 1872 Ulysses S. Grant - R Horace Greeley - D

  28. Panic of 1873 • Rendered thousands jobless • Caused by overbuilding by industry and railroads • Debtors and farmers call for Greenbacks – not supported by gold • Grant sided with industrialists – print more money!

  29. Election of 1876 • Hayes – won electoral college (185-184) • Had pull from southern Republicans in SC, LA, FL • Tilden won popular vote by 300,000 • Election was deadlocked • Congressional Elector Committee • Lasted for months

  30. Compromise of 1877 • Hayes will become president if he: • Takes all federal troops out of the South • Supports the southern transcontinental railroad

  31. Redeeming the South • The Redeemers • No clear political ideology • Mostly from rich planter class • Laissez-faire • White supremacy • Neglected small farmers and small business • Gave rise to Populism in 1890s

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