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Environmental Regulation & Technology Innovation: Controlling Emissions from Aircraft

Environmental Regulation & Technology Innovation: Controlling Emissions from Aircraft. Presented by, Arthur Marin Deputy Director Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) 2001: An Airspace Odyssey Airport Air Quality Symposium San Diego, CA March 1, 2001. Overview.

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Environmental Regulation & Technology Innovation: Controlling Emissions from Aircraft

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  1. Environmental Regulation & Technology Innovation: Controlling Emissions from Aircraft Presented by, Arthur Marin Deputy Director Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) 2001: An Airspace Odyssey Airport Air Quality Symposium San Diego, CA March 1, 2001

  2. Overview • Make the case that technology-forcing standards are needed for aircraft engines • Using examples from other industry sectors to evaluate the prospects for development of new and cost-effective emission control technologies for aircraft engines

  3. Hypothesis • Significant additional reductions are achievable for the aviation sector with appropriate “forward looking” engine standards • Reductions will accrue at far lower cost than suggested by initial predictions

  4. Challenge • The concerns & issues facing the aviation sector mirror those of other industries faced with emission reduction demands: -sector’s relative contribution to air pollution problems - untested/unknown technological options - unknown costs - timing concerns and constraints

  5. Significance of Aircraft Emissions • Only large sector with projected growth in NOx emissions over next several decades • Technology-forcing engine standards will be needed just to reduce the rate of the projected growth in aircraft NOx emissions

  6. Relative Contribution of Aircraft

  7. National Aircraft NOx Inventory tons/yr

  8. NESCAUM Report:Environmental Regulation & Technology Innovation • Evaluated historical development of control technologies to better understand the keys to establishing and implementing cost-effective pollution controls • 3 case studies: SO2 from power plants; NOx from power plants; & automobiles

  9. NESCAUM Report:Key Findings • “Where strong regulatory drivers exists, substantial technological improvements & steady reductions in control costs follow.” • “Dynamic occurs even when control options were limited or untested at time regulations were introduced.”

  10. SO2 From Power Plants • Flue gas desulfurization (scrubbing) equipment was first installed at power plant in London in 1930s • First US installation in 1968 • High capital & operational costs • Early units hampered by reliability problems

  11. SO2 From Power Plants • Local control requirements only • few technological advances • 1977 CAAA: NSPS for power plants • scrubber cost dropped / improved reliability • 1990 CAAA: Coal utilities invest in scrubbers for acid rain program • costs continue to decline far below projections • Late 90s: Prospect new PM/SO2standards • fuel switching

  12. Carlson et al (2000)

  13. NOx From Power Plants • Technologies in use outside US • Resistance in this country • Weak regulatory drivers prior to 1990 CAA

  14. NOx From Power Plants • Key technology drivers: • 1970/77 CAA new source performance standards • California Initiatives (NOx as a precursor to ozone) • 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments • OTC NOx MOU / NOx SIP Call (cover existing facilities) • Now: routine use of advanced approaches: • SCR, SNCR, Gas and Coal Reburn

  15. Cost of NOx ControlsSelective Catalytic Reduction

  16. Cost of NOx ControlsSNCR

  17. Automobile Emissions • 1965 -- 2005: Cars 95+% Cleaner • California Regulations • Title II of the CAA • Technological innovations • catalytic converters, fuel injection • computer controls • evaporative emission controls • cleaner gasoline (lead, RVP, RFG, sulfur) • ZEVs / Hybrids

  18. Cost of Auto Emission Controls(incremental per vehicle)

  19. Conclusions Advanced air pollution control technologies don’t become commercially available at attractive prices until after regulatory requirements are established.

  20. Conclusions Technology-forcing standards would likely lead to innovative approaches to reduce NOx emissions from aircraft engines at costs significantly below initial projections.

  21. Conclusions • Technology advances are achieved at significant cost and effort to industry • Required tremendous innovation & ingenuity on the part of industry • Demand for cars & electricity have continued to grow

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