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Group processes and cultural sensitivity Lecture for students leaving to Ghana in 2019

This lecture covers group processes, prejudice, intercultural communication, social identity, in-group bias, norms, status, and attribution theory to help students navigate interpersonal issues during their stay in Ghana. Learn more at user.mendelu.cz/cenek.

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Group processes and cultural sensitivity Lecture for students leaving to Ghana in 2019

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  1. Group processes and cultural sensitivityLecture for students leaving to Ghana in 2019 Jiří Čeněk 16.1.2018

  2. Outline • Group processes, attribution • Prejudice • Interculturalcommunication • User.mendelu.cz/cenek

  3. Wherehaveyoubeen?

  4. Whatinterpersonalproblemsmightoccurduringyourstay?

  5. Socialgroup • = itis natural forpeople to formgroups • Group: 2+ peopleforming a unit, interactingwitheachother (mostlybetween 2-6) • In-group = groupwebelong to • Out-group = groupwedontbelong to

  6. Ingroup and outgroup • Ingroup and outgroup • Who are You? HowwouldYoudescribeYourself? • Youcanaccording to variouscriteriadefine: • „Us“ = ingroup • „Them“ = outgroup • Whatstudents are more cool? Studentsof MU or MZLU? • Ingroupbias:Thetendency to favoronesowngroup.

  7. Ingroup and outgroup • Outcomesof IG bias: • Tendency to defineonesgrouppositively = wefeelgoodaboutourselves. (Social identity) • Tendency to conform to groupnorms. • Tendency to identifywiththegroup. • Tendency to: • Liketheingroup • Disliketheoutgroup • Orboth • Canyouthinkofotherexamplesfromthereallife?

  8. Exampleofingroupbias • Rwandangenocide: Hutu and Tutsi • Seealso: Hotel Rwanda (2004) and Lord oftheFlies (1990)

  9. In-group – out-group

  10. Socialgroup • Norms:Howmembersofthegroupshould and should not behave. • Roles: Setsofbehaviorsthatindividualsoccupyingspecificpositionswithinthegroup are expected to perform. • Sanctions: • Positive (reward) or negative (punishment). • Collectivistcultureshavestrongersystemsofsanctions.

  11. Normformation (O. Sherif) • Omar Sherif: Autokineticexperiments • Based on autokineticeffect (video 2m 20s) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZOhH07h4Iw

  12. Status Status:Attained by joiningthegroup • = a relativesocialpositionwithinthegroup • Formalorinformal • Achieved(earned) orgivenatbirth (ascribed) • Peoplecanhave more statusesdepending on theirpositions in variousgroups.

  13. Proces of status organizationwithin a group – achievementofgroupgoals PPe Percievedability (goalrelatedskills) Levelofparticipation Expectedshareofgroupssuccess Status + power Group orientation Asertiveness Behavioral style

  14. Status within a group • Alpha • Representsgroupinitiative • Feelsresponsible • Confrontstheenemies • Beta • Doesn‛t interfere in theconflictsbetweenalpha and omega • Positivelyevaluatedfor his/her specialskills and knowledge • Relationship to thegroupconnectedthroughalpha • Gama • Membersof a groupidentifiedwithalpha • Anonymous, majority of a group • Do not set goals, do not decide • Omega • Negative element in a group • Usually a newmember, indecisivemember • Representsopinions and characteristicsofanenemy • Becomesanenemy

  15. Commonsourcesofconflict

  16. Summary • Beawareoftheprocessesoccuring in groups. • Beawarethateverygroup has certainnorms, everymember has a certain status thatboth influence thebehaviorofgroupmembers.

  17. Socialcognition - Attribution

  18. Socialcognition Definition: The manner in which we receive, interpret, analyze, remember and use information about the social world.

  19. Socialcognition • Attributiontheory (F. Heider, 1958) • Analyzeshowweexplainpeoplesbehavior. • Assumptions: • Weseek to make senseofourworld. • Weattributepeoplesactions to internalorexternalcauses. • We do this in fairlylogical, consistentways. • Causes: • Internal (personsdisposition) • External (personssituation) • Example: Person shoutingatyou in the street • Theperson isrude. • He istrying to warnyoubecauseyou are in dangerousneighborhood.

  20. Attributionerrors • Formingimpressionsismostlylogical and reasonable, BUTpeople make oftenerrors in attribution. • Thefundamentalattributionerror • Video

  21. Attributionerrors • Thefundamentalattributionerror • Definition: Thetendencyforobservers to underestimatesituationalinfluences and overestimetedispositionalinfluences. • Unconscious • Unintentional

  22. Two-stage model ofattribution

  23. Test • Test:

  24. Prejudice and stereotypes

  25. Structureofgeneralknowledge • Category:groupofobjectsthat are processed in similarfashion; highersthe speed ofprocessing • Cons: Sometimesleads to incorrectconclusions. Muslims

  26. Prejudice and stereotypes • Prejudice: Anunjustifiable negative attitudetoward a group and itsmembers. • Stereotype: A beliefaboutthepersonalattributesof a groupofpeople. • Prototype:thebestexampleof a category (average, centraltendency)

  27. Prejudice and stereotypes • Prejudice • Prejudgemental • Attitudes: Affective, behavioral and cognitivecomponents. • Sourcesof prejudice: • Emotionalassociations • Justificationofbehavior • Stereotypes

  28. Prejudice and stereotypes • Stereotyping = generalizing • Pro´s: • Simplificationoftheworld • „Africansare lazy.“ • Canhavegermoftruth • Con´s: • Whenthey are overgeneralized/wrong

  29. Prejudice: Attitude – behaviorschema Attitude Prejudice „Immigrantsare the source ofourtrouble!!!“ Behavior Discrimination „Let noneoftheminto CZ!!!“

  30. Prejudice Shrodingers migrant????

  31. Prejudice • Racism: • Individualsprejudicialattitudes and discriminatorybehaviortowardpeopleof a givenrace, or • Institutionalpracticesthatsubordinatepeopleof a givenrace. • Are You a racist?

  32. Prejudice and discrimination • Overt vs. latentracism • Overtformsof prejudice againstotherminorities and races are lesscommonthan in 20th century. • Subtleformsof prejudice and discriminationprevail. • Implicitracism test • https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/user/agg/blindspot/indexrk.htm

  33. Prejudice and discrimination • Video: Bike theft

  34. Interculturalcommunication

  35. Interculturalcommunication

  36. Verbalcommunication

  37. Language • 2 aspectsoflanguage: • Prosodic (acousticaspect) • Emphasis (pitch, loudness) • Intonation • Pragmatic (the use ofwords) • Bothaspect are sourcesofcommunicationproblemsbetweencultures.

  38. Prosodicaspects • Gumperz (1982): Indian and Pakistaniwomenworking in cafeteria in Britain. • Seen as unpleasant and uncooperative. • Somewordstheysaidcouldbeinterpretednegatively. • Example: Question„Gravy?“ whenserving food in buffet. • Withrisingintonation: Question „Do youwantgravy?“ • Withfallingintonation: Statementoffact (redundant/rude)

  39. Pragmaticaspects • Indirect vs. direct style ofcommunication • Direct: YES = YES, NO = NO • Indirect: YES = YES/MAYBE/NO, MAYBE = NO • Example: Managergets a poorlywritten report • Direct: You have made a number of errors and incorrect assumptions in this report. Go back, check your data and proofread your work. • Indirect: It seems there are some mistakes in this report and readers may question some of your assumptions. Could you check it over another time before finalizing it?

  40. Pragmaticaspects

  41. Non-verbalcommunication

  42. Non-verbalcommunication • Facialexpressions • Posture • Gestures • Proxemics • Kinesics • Haptics

  43. Facialexpressions • Expressionofemotions - culture: • Differentculturesencourage/discouragetheexpressionofsomeemotions more thanothers. • Culturesdiffer in expressionofemotional intensity. • Display rules: Specificculturalrulesthatgoverntheexpression and controlofemotionalexpression in specificsituations. • Expressionofemotionaccording to therules: + reaction • Violatingtherules: - reaction • Do not show strong (especially negative) emotions

  44. Gestures • Body language • Set ofprecisemeaningsforallmembersofculture • Sociallylearned→ culturallyspecific(differentmeaning in 2 cultures) • Some are multicultural(„Come to me“) • Havewordsequivalent, accompanywords • Mostly hand movements, shrugging, headmovements…

  45. Gestures - Emblems

  46. Gestures • Military hand signals: tacticalsignals • Ourinterpretation?

  47. Specificsofcommunication in Ghana • More than 100 languages and dialects, Englishofficial • Try to learngreeting in locallanguage • Sources • http://acad.depauw.edu/~mkfinney/teaching/Com227/culturalportfolios/GHANA/Comm-Verbal.html • http://acad.depauw.edu/~mkfinney/teaching/Com227/culturalportfolios/GHANA/Comm-Non-Verbal.html • https://www.international.gc.ca/cil-cai/country_insights-apercus_pays/ci-ic_gh.aspx?lang=eng

  48. Specificsofcommunication in Ghana • Eye-contact: avoidifhigher status • Indirectcommunication • Formalcommunication: in areasof business • Smallpersonalspace • Handshake: alwaysaccept, left hand unclean, friendsofsame sex hold hands • Greeting: • Extremelyimportantforbuildingrelationship • Small talk: significance of a persons’ name and meaning, ethnic origin, family, religion and occupation

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