Composition 1 In this presentation we will look at some basic ‘rules’ of composition.

1. Composition 1 In this presentation we will look at some basic ‘rules’ of composition.

2. Composition The word composition means combining or putting together parts to form a whole. Composition can apply to many works of human endeavor including music and writing – in fact anything that is arranged or ‘put together’ using conscious thought.

3. In this presentation we are going to look at some of the most important ‘rules’ or conventions of composition: Rule of Thirds Rule of Even & Odd Triangles Space Simplification Symmetry Pattern & Repetition Learning ‘rules’ about art can seem stifling or constricting – if all artists just follow a set of rules then their art would look very similar and become very boring. Many original artists manage to break or ‘bend’ these rules or conventions, but to do so successfully they first had to fully understand the rules and conventions.

4. Rule of Thirds Chris Monaghan Divide the image into thirds as shown – If the main visual components (things in the image) lie on or near the lines then the image often tends to look ‘right’. In this image the horizon line is on one of the bisectors. [Remember, rules are there to be broken - once you understand and can follow them!]

5. Chris Monaghan Which image do you prefer? Which image more closely follows the rule of thirds?

7. Gary Winogrand Sometimes an image does not follow the rule of thirds exactly, but the main visual components (‘things’) in the image are close to the 1/3rd bisectors.

9. Fay Godwin Landscape photography often uses the rule of thirds – how?

10. Fay Godwin Landscape photography often has the horizon line on or near one of the two horizontal lines

11. The Rule Of Even And Odd An even number of ‘things’ in an image can sometimes create a feeling of tension or a slightly un-natural look. Norman Parkinson … while an odd number of ‘things’ can often create a feeling of harmony or balance Dianne Arbus

12. An odd number of subjects in an image often has a more ‘natural’, symmetrical or balanced feel than an even number.

13. Henri Cartier Bresson In many artworks 3 subjects or ‘things’ in an image (an odd number) can draw attention to the central subject.

14. Rule of Triangles Triangles have 3 sides and tend to form stable, solid looking compositions. Can you spot any triangles? Arnold Newman

15. Rule of Triangles Triangles have 3 sides and tend to form stable, solid looking compositions.

16. Victorian Family Portraits Can you spot any triangles? Why were triangular compositions often used for family portraits?

17. Victorian Family Portraits Think about what the triangle connotes …. …….stability & solidity

18. Rule of space Nadar Which composition is more dynamic? Which composition is more ‘restful’, allowing the subject to ‘look dreamily into space’?

19. Rule of space Nadar The empty space in the right-hand image creates a more contemplative or thoughtful feel to it.

20. Space can also help create an impression of movement In this image there is not much unfilled space Swimmers diving into the water (shot from beneath the water, looking upwards).

21. The swimmers now appear to be moving into the empty space ahead of them, helping to create an impression or feeling of movement.

22. Simplification How does Rembrandt draw our attention into the face? Rembrandt, Self Portrait.

23. Simplification • ANSWER: • Lighting - the face has more light on it than other areas. • The brush-strokes are finer and more detailed in the facial area but become broader and less detailed for other areas. • Vignette – the painting becomes darker towards the edges. • Use of colour – dark ‘drab’ colours except for the face.

24. Chris Monaghan What technique has the photographer used to simplify this image?

25. Is this picture ‘simplified’ ? If not, why not … and so what might the photographer Joel Meyerowitz be saying about life in the modern city?

26. Symmetry Chris Monaghan In this photograph the building seems to be ‘balanced’ by the white cloud. The line of symmetry runs from the bottom left to top right corner.

27. Symmetry & Repetition Chris Monaghan Line of symmetry

28. Where is the line of symmetry in this image? Norman Parkinson

29. Note: unlike in mathematics where perfect symmetry can be found, in art symmetry is often an approximation. Norman Parkinson

30. Does this image exhibit any symmetry? When something has no symmetry we say that it is asymmetrical Chris Monaghan

31. David Seymour (Chim) How does being asymmetrical (not symmetrical) help or add to the viewing experience and meaning of this image?

32. Answer: War is chaotic & random – death can come at any moment and does not follow beautiful aesthetic rules of composition. By being asymmetrical the image manages to convey this.

33. Repetition & Pattern Jackson Pollock

34. Paul Strand When something is repeated, it can create a visual pattern. Edward Weston

35. Andreas Gursky Paul Strand Pattern can be used to suggest texture, or can produce an abstract visual experience.

36. Summary Rule of Thirds Rule of Even & Odd Triangles Space Simplification Symmetry Pattern & Repetition