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Gunpowder Empires

Gunpowder Empires. Ottoman - Mughal - Safavid (Turkey) - (India) - (Persia). Gunpowder Empires. Developed strong, centralized political control through the use of military strength of gunpowder Naval & land-based military power enhanced by the cannon

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Gunpowder Empires

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  1. Gunpowder Empires Ottoman - Mughal - Safavid (Turkey) - (India) - (Persia)

  2. Gunpowder Empires • Developed strong, centralized political control through the use of military strength of gunpowder • Naval & land-based military power enhanced by the cannon • Conquered their competitors with superior military technology, aided by gunpowder

  3. All the Gunpowder Emp’s • Manchu/Qing China • Russian Empire • Mughal Empire • Safavid Empire • Ottoman Empire

  4. Changes associated w/ Gunpowder Empires • (1) Development of new-style empires and large state political systems come to dominate global political & military affairs • (2) Internal political structures based on military force decline in effectiveness • (3) Gunpowder empires increased global interaction between political states

  5. Gunpowder? • Diffusion of gunpowder from China begins about 500 CE • Mongols bring the technology WEST along the Silk Road • The increased use of firearms by these empires allows their increased domination over smaller states (conquest) • OUTCOME: creation of multi-ethnic, unified regions with cultural and linguistic differences w/i the empire --> do you see an potential problems??

  6. Ottoman Empire: 1453-1699 • Military-based society • Rewarded its soldiers with land grants as the empire expanded • Warrior-class (Janissaries) become more independent and over-power the central government • Islamic empire • Big accomplishment = conquest of Constantinople/Istanbul • Western Europe considers the Ottomans their largest threat

  7. Suleiman the Magnificent • Ruled 1520-1566 • Large territory acquired through military conquest • Focused more on conquest of land, and continuing luxury good trade • Did not consider the arrival of sea-based challenges (I.e. Portuguese)

  8. Ottoman military crisis Military State Crisis • Military technology evolved = canons and light weight firearms -> size of Janissary grew & cavalry decreased • Inflation changed economy -> landholders that collected taxes based on fixed rates loss power -> couldn’t report to military • Islamic law = no reforming tax system -> government issued surtaxes to pay for Janissaries and bureaucrats • former landowning and job owning cavalrymen, short-term soldiers, tax-burdened peasants, and students with no money staged revolts

  9. Decline of Ottomans • Land-grant system = increased power of the Janissaries • Economic inflation from silver brought back from New World • Challenges from Western Europe • Internal rebellions: • Jannissaries • Multi-ethnic disputes • Rual administrative decline

  10. Safavid Empire: 1502-1722 • Around the Persian Gulf region (modern-day Iraq) • Inherited large landholdings from the previous Persian empires • Fail to maintain internal control of government • Eventually defeated/conquered by the Ottomans in 1514 • Islamic empire

  11. Safavid • Shi’ite Islam (supporters of Ali) • Used land-grant system for military • Unity within the empire was found in the general adherence to Islam as a religion, social structure and political tradition • Economy based on small-scale manufacturing of luxury goods • Nomadic peoples lack unity; lack desire to build agricultural econ.

  12. Safavid Decline • Inflation from silver • Lack of a diversified economy • Military/soldiers defect • Nomadic/tribal culture proves difficult to unify and control • Outside challenges: Ottoman and Uzbek (tribal Turks)

  13. Mughal India, 1526-1761 • Re-unifies India • First to include the southern tip of India in unification • Islamic government (like the Delhi Sultanate before it) • Thriving trading economy --> I.O.M.S.

  14. Trade under the Gupta

  15. Mughal: Internal Problems • Increasing tensions between Muslim minority and Hindu majority • Despite reconciliation attempts by Akbar (Muslim-Hindu marriage; rescinding Muslim tax) • Akbar last great, organized ruler of Mughal India • Regional powers begin to over-power the central authority

  16. Mughal: External problems • Indian Ocean trade: • Initially controlled by independent merchants from Arabian peninsula, India and SE Asia (some Chinese too) • Mughal India makes large effort to control trade, successful for a period of time • Arrival of Portuguese with firepower and beter ships --> decline of local/India control • Dutch displace Portuguese • British arrive = :( for India • Strong central government • Established central government • Early manufacturing of textiles • Competition from Western Europe in manufacturing

  17. Similarities between Gunpowder Empires? • Political? • Economic? • Social? • Decline?

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