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Gunpowder Empires

Gunpowder Empires. 1450-1750. Land Based Power. Europe’s empires built on sea power Asian empires land-based power around might of gunpowder Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals, Ming and Qing, and Russia Finally able to conquer nomad groups. Muslim Empires. Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal

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Gunpowder Empires

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  1. Gunpowder Empires 1450-1750

  2. Land Based Power • Europe’s empires built on sea power • Asian empires land-based power around might of gunpowder • Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals, Ming and Qing, and Russia • Finally able to conquer nomad groups

  3. Muslim Empires • Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal • Emerged from central steppe nomads • All had Absolute monarchs who modeled their courts after early Islamic empires

  4. Ottoman Empire • Modern day Turkey • 1st people to use cannons offensively • Large army of mounted and foot soldiers, Powerful navy • Sultan with large bureaucracy, top official was “grand vizier” • Suleiman the Magnificent most famous ruler • Much trade, due to location • Mostly Sunni, but diversity of people and religions • More equality for women • Constantinople, highly sophisticated capital Suleiman

  5. Safavid Empire • East of Ottoman, modern Iran • Belief that “Hidden Imam” descendant of Ali would return to rule • Ruler “stand-in” until then • Strong army with firearms • Little trade • Patriarchal • Mostly Shi’ite, forced conversion in 16th Century by Ismail

  6. Mughal Empire • Modern day Pakistan, Afghanistan, and N. India • Strong military • Muslim rulers with centralized power • Muslim authority over rebellious Hindu Pop. • Akbar most famous ruler, tried to reconcile faiths • Limited trade • Land grant system based on military service • New faith: Sikhism; blend of Islam and Hinduism

  7. Decline of Muslim Empires • Inadequate transportation and communication: larger empires grew, harder they were to control • Unruly warrior elites, inadequate bureaucracies: Military knew they were important, so often acted apart from the gov’t • Rise of European rivals: European countries smaller so mobilization of human and natural resources easier, also closeness led to more competition so they were spurred to new technologies and reforms

  8. Russia • Little contact with rest of Europe • Greek Orthodox • 1480 Ivan III (the Great) ousted the last of the Mongols • Russia was left weak, but expanded under Ivan III and Ivan IV (the terrible) • Expanded to Poland and across Siberia • Pioneers called Cossacks sent to new territories, taking land • Ivan IV died with no heir, so Romanovs took over in 1613 (until 1917) • Russian nobles, Boyars, selected the new Tsar, Mikhail

  9. Peter the Greatr.1682-1725 • Went to western Europe to gain aid against Turks, became fascinated with Western European technology & science • Fought with Sweden for a port on the Baltic • Rebuilt his capital at St. Petersburg • Boyars had to shave and adopt Western dress • Brought French ballet to Russia and allowed elite women to public events • Stayed Absolute Monarch (did not adopt Enlightenment ideas) • Continued serfdom (virtual slavery) and controlled subjects through a secret police Peter’s Palace in Moscow

  10. Expansion of Peter the Great

  11. Ming and Qing China • Ming 1368-1644, replaced Yuan, brought peace and stability • China mostly closed to foreigners • Scholar-gentry and civil-service exams returned • Junks – Zheng He, to show off wealth and power of Middle Kingdom • Pirates kept them out of the ocean • Repaired Great Wall and Canals • Jesuits sent to Convert, allowed to remain because they knew science and technology • Europeans restricted to coast • Emperor lived in Forbidden City, eventually became too involved in pleasure, overthrown

  12. Qing Dynasty1644 - 1911 • Known as Manchus, conquered from the North • Doubled the size of China • Traded with Russia • Population began to grow due to new crops: Sweet and white potatoes, Maize, peanuts • Last Dynasty (yay! You know them all!!) “Grrr.”

  13. Expansion under Qing

  14. Tokugawa Shogunate • Jesuits converted over 300,000, Japan felt must consolidate under a powerful shogun, Tokugawa Ieyasu • 1606 Christianity outlawed, executed • Japanese forbidden to travel overseas • Europeans not allowed in (except Dutch) • Guns virtually banned • Agriculture flourished • Power in hands of Samurai class • Capital at Edo, now Tokyo

  15. Under Tokugawa • To maintain control, Daimyos had to go to Edo every other year (this meant the Tokugawa had direct control over 50% always) • Needed permission to marry or build • Class structure (4 classes) • Samurai (with Daimyo) – sword and topknot • Farmers – made food • Artisans – made stuff • Merchants – lowest, made nothing

  16. Reconquista • Mid 15th Century Spain united with Marriage of Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile • This led to three important things: • Reconquista (Reconquest) of former Muslim territory • Expulsion of Jews, led to severe economic problems because they were educated and skilled • Voyage of Columbus

  17. Boyars Cossacks Manchus Jesuits Janissaries Reconquista Mughal Empire Tokugawa Shogunate mercantilism Vocabulary

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