1 / 27

Chemistry of Life

Chemistry of Life. Structure of an Atom. Subatomic particles Nucleus Proton Neutron Q uarks Electrons Outside the nucleus Different distances (levels, clouds) Move randomly Size. How are Elements Different?. Atomic number # of protons Mass # # of protons + # of neutrons

clancy
Download Presentation

Chemistry of Life

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chemistry of Life

  2. Structure of an Atom • Subatomic particles • Nucleus • Proton • Neutron • Quarks • Electrons • Outside the nucleus • Different distances (levels, clouds) • Move randomly • Size

  3. How are Elements Different? • Atomic number • # of protons • Mass # • # of protons + # of neutrons • Atomic mass

  4. Use the Periodic Table • Carbon • Atomic # • # of protons • # of electrons • Mass # • # of protons + # of neutrons • Most common form of carbon • Carbon – 14 • 14 = mass # • # of protons • # of electrons • # of neutrons • Isotope : same # of protons, but different # of neutrons from most common form

  5. Boron – 11 • # of protons • # of electrons • # of neutrons • Isotope? • Boron – 10 • # of protons • # of electrons • # of neutrons • Isotope?

  6. Daily Review • Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each of the following • Fluorine-20 • Helium-4 • Which of those compounds is an isotope?

  7. Water – Why is it important? • Makes up a lot of living things • Many useful/helpful properties • Polarity • Lopped side appearance • One side slightly positive • Creates solutions • Because of charge can dissolve • Other polar and ionic (fully charged) • 2 or 3 types of compounds • Examples • Can break apart other substances • Creates suspensions • Examples http://www.sserc.org.uk/wwwroot2/prim3/new_guidelines/Newsletters/39/Water_related_activities.htm http://www.docstoc.com/docs/86263495/colloids

  8. Can hold lots of heat • Takes more energy to heat up • Releases energy back more slowly • Examples • Is more dense as a liquid

  9. Hydrogen Bonds • Very strong between molecules • Each water can have 4 H-bonds • Causes • Cohesion • Adhesion • Capillary action • Surface tension http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/common_water_strider.htm http://scienceprojectideasforkids.com/2010/capillary-action-transpiration/

  10. pH • Water breaks down to H+ and OH- • pH = how much H+ • pH of 7 means H+ and OH- are equal • Acids • pH lower than 7 • Lower # = stronger • Examples • Bases • pH higher than 7 • Higher # = stronger • Examples • Buffers • Help with homeostasis

  11. Daily Review • Define: • Cohesion • Adhesion • pH • Describe 4 reasons why water is a versatile molecule that is important to living beings • Stomach acid has a pH of 2 and ocean water has a pH of 8 • Which one is acidic? • Which one is closer to being neutral?

  12. Other Basic Chemistry • Atom • Molecule • Atoms are generally neutral • Ions • Atom with a charge • Sodium • 11 protons + 11 electrons = neutral • Gains or loses electrons • 11 protons + 10 electrons = +1 Caffeine http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caffeine_Molecule.png http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/propulsion/1-what-is-an-ion.html

  13. Chemical Bonds • Make molecules • An attraction, not a physical thing • Hydrogen • Ionic • Involves ions • Gaining/losing electrons • Very strong • Covalent • Sharing electrons • Not as strong • More common http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/ecb/covalent_ionic_bonds.php

  14. Elements of life • C, H, N, O, P, S • Organic • Contains C and H • Covalent bonds • Usually large molecules • In living things • Inorganic • No C (unless simple, like CO or CO2) • Examples – water, O2, N2 http://bhavanajagat.com/tag/oxygen-cycle/ http://missehonorsbio.blogspot.com/2012/09/organic-molecules-introduction.html

  15. Macromolecule • Definition • Polymer • Made of monomers • Each bond created releases water • Breaking a bond releases water

  16. Polymers of Biology

  17. Carbohydrates • Basics • 1C:2H:1O • Main source of energy • Structural • Monosaccharides • Simple sugar • Glucose • Galactose • Fructose • Disaccharides • 2 sugars • Sucrose = glucose + fructose • Lactose = glucose + galactose http://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/candy/sugar.html

  18. Complex Carbohydrates • Polysaccharides • Starch • Storage in plants • Glucose units • Glycogen • Storage in animals • Released from liver • Glucose units • Cellulose • Glucose units • Structure in plants • Wood

  19. Daily review • Fill in the chart with the missing vocabulary terms • Define: • Ions • Chemical bond • Macromolecule • Polymer • Give examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

  20. Lipids • Fats, waxes, oils, steroids, hormones • Insoluble in water • Glycerol + fatty acid(s) • Functions • Cell structure • More efficient energy storage (9 vs. 4 calories) • Communication • Steroids • Ring of carbons • Hormones • Cholesterol http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Summaries/Macromol.html http://www.raw-milk-facts.com/cholesterol_primer_T3.html

  21. Saturated vs. unsaturated • Saturated • All single carbon bonds • Solid • Examples • Unsaturated • Carbon to carbon double bond(s) • Liquid • Examples • Good vs. bad http://escapinganergy.blogspot.com/2011/06/diving-into-high-fat-diet-promotes.html

  22. Nucleic acids • Contains C, H, N, O, P • Made from nucleotides • 5-carbon sugar • Phosphate group • Nitrogenous base (5 different) • Purpose – genetic information • DNA, RNA http://www.nist.gov/oles/forensics/biology_dna.cfm

  23. Daily review • Name what each is made of and a use for each: • Carbohydrate • Nucleic acid • Lipid • What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat?

  24. Proteins • Contain C, H, N, O • Made of amino acids • Very specific order or amino acids • Complex 3d shape • Chain of amino acids = polypeptide chain • Folds and crumples • May have multiple subunits • Function • Structural • Nutrient storage • Transportation • Identification of cells (defense) • Enzymes http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iii/cellular-macromolecules/proteins.php

  25. Proteins are sensitive • Change shape easily • Denature • Caused by changes in • Temperature • pH • Salt concentration • Molecules present • May permanently disable the protein or cause it to malfunction • Frying an egg http://biology-pictures.blogspot.com/2011/11/denaturation-of-proteins.html http://chefsblade.monster.com/training/articles/216-food-science-basics-denaturing-proteins

  26. Chemical reactions • Atoms don’t change • Atoms rearranged • Chemical bonds broken and formed • Usually requires energy - activation energy • Getting energy slows down the reaction

  27. Enzymes • Proteins • Catalyst • Not changed • Lowers activation energy • Speeds up reaction • Lock and key • Substrate • Active site • Will not work if denatured • Used in most biological processes http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab2/active.html

More Related