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Solution

Solution. Fluid environment on both sides of the plasma membrane is a solution A mixture where the particles are evenly distributed. Solute. What is being dissolved in the solution. Solvent. What is doing the dissolving in the solution Water is the most common solvent, due to its polarity.

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Solution

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  1. Solution • Fluid environment on both sides of the plasma membrane is a solution • A mixture where the particles are evenly distributed

  2. Solute • What is being dissolved in the solution

  3. Solvent • What is doing the dissolving in the solution • Water is the most common solvent, due to its polarity

  4. Membrane Transport • Passive -Difffusion -osmosis -facilitated diffusion -Filtration • Active -Na+/K+ pump -Endocytosis and Exocytosis

  5. Diffusion • Movement of molecules from a greater to a lesser concentration • Ex: Smells from dinner in the kitchen gradually reach the other side of the house

  6. Osmosis • Movement of WATER molecules from a greater to a lesser concentration • The movement occurs through a selectively permeable membrane • Ex: A cell

  7. Isotonic Solution • Having equal concentrations inside and outside

  8. Hypotonic Solution • Hypo means less • Has a lower concentration of solute (what dissolved in the water) • Has greater concentration of water

  9. Hypertonic solution • Hyper means more, higher • Has greater concentration of solute • Has less concentration of water

  10. Facilitated Diffusion • Protein carrier is needed as a transport vehicle (proteins in the plasma membrane) • For molecules that are too large or lipid-insoluble to pass through the plasma membrane • Concentration gradient still in force

  11. Filtration • Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid or hydrostatic pressure (exerted by the blood) • Gradient is involved, but it is a pressure gradient instead of concentration • Not very selective, since only molecules too large to pass are held back • Ex: kidneys form filtrate (urine)

  12. Solute Pumping (Na+/K+ Pump) • Use of ATP to energize protein carriers (as opposed to kinetic energy in passive transport) • Amino acids, some sugars, and most ions are transported this way • Movement is against concentration gradient • Very selective

  13. Exocytosis and Endocytosis • Substances are moved out of the cell • Ex: hormones, mucus, cellular waste • Small membrane sacs produced by the Golgi apparatus to carry substances • Sacs move to plasma membrane, fuses with it, then ruptures, spilling the contents out of the cell • Endocytosis is the reverse process

  14. Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis • Two types of endocytosis • Pinocytosis is “cell drinking”, taking in liquids that contain fats or proteins • Especially found in cells that function in absorption (small intestine and kidney tubule cells) • Phagocytosis is “cell eating”, taking in large bacteria or dead body cells • Phagocytes (WBC) act as scavengers

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