Plant Notes- Kingdom Plantae

1. Plant Notes- Kingdom Plantae

2. Characteristics of Plants • Multicellular ( many-celled) • Autotrophic ( make their own food) • Primary producers in most ecosystems and provide the nutritional basis in terrestrial ecosystems • Release oxygen to atmosphere • Do you remember the equation for Photosynthesis? Write it below. 6 CO2+ 6 H2OC6H12O6+ 6 O2 • Cell walls are composed of cellulose • Cannot move from place to place

3. 4 Basic Kinds of Plants: • 1. Nonvascular Plants-Usually small and lack tissue to transport water and nutrients. They lack roots stems and leaves. Example: mosses.

5. 2. Seedless Vascular Plants-Have roots stems and leaves; reproduce with spores instead of seeds. Examples: Ferns

6. 3. Nonflowering Seed Plants (Gymnosperms)-vascular plants that reproduce using seeds but do not produce flowers-they produce seeds in a CONE. • Example: Pines and Spruces.

7. Usually have needle like leaves and live in cold dry (arid) environments. • Leaves falling to the ground make the soil very acidic and many plants cannot survive so there is not a lot of diversity. • What does acidic mean? • What does diversity mean?

8. 4. Flowering Seed Plants (Angiosperms)- • Plants that produce flowers. Seeds are produced in a fruit. Examples: roses, grasses and oaks.

9. 2 groups of Angiosperms: • Monocots- • one cotyledons(seed leaf) • flower parts in 3’s • leaves with parallel veins • vascular tissue is scattered • fibrous root systems. • Examples: Grains (such as wheat, corn, rice and grasses)

10. 2. Dicots • two cotyledons(seed leaf) • flower parts in 2’s,4’s or 5’s • leaves with branching veins • vascular tissue is in circular bunches • tap root • Examples: Daisies, roses, apples, peaches, potatoes, tomatoes

12. A Flower contains the reproductive organs of the plant.

13. Parts of a Flower and Their Functions • Sterile parts: (not used in reproduction) • Petals-usually colorful to attract pollinators • Sepals- often green and cover the bud of a flower and protects it as it develops.

14. Female parts: • Pistil- includes all female parts; • located at the center of the flower • Stigma- sticky part on which pollen lands • Style-connects the stigma to the ovary • Ovary-contains ovules & develops into a fruit • Ovule- structure in which an egg develops and eventually become seeds

15. Male parts: • Stamen-includes all male parts • Anther- produces pollen • Filaments-supports the anther

16. Major Parts of A Plant • Major Structures of VASCULAR PLANTS include: • ROOTS, STEMS AND LEAVES.

17. Roots • Take in nutrients from the ground • Anchor plants into the ground • Tap root- one central root with tiny roots branching off • Fibrous roots-highly branched made up of many roots that are the same size Fibrous root Tap Root

18. Stems • Made up of several types of tissue • Supports the leaves and houses vascular tissue • Phloem-tissue that transports nutrients • Xylem- tissue that transports water

19. Leaves • Site of food production –photosynthesis • Parts of leaf: • Cuticle- waxy covering on the leaf that prevents water loss • Stomata- pores on the leaf that prevent water loss (p503, 561) • Guard cells- border each stoma. • Stomata open and close as the guard cells change shape.

20. Guard cells Stomata Stomata Opened Stomata Closed

21. Epidermis-outer layer of tissue • Mesophyll- packed with chloroplasts; where photosynthesis occurs • 2 Layers of mesophyll: • 1.Palisade layer-columnar cells that are right below the upper epidermis • 2. Spongy layer-loosely packed spherical cells between palisade and lower epidermis

22. Upper epidermis Palisade Vascular tissue Spongy mesophyll Lower epidermis Guard cells Stomata

24. Transpiration- loss of water from a plant (THROUGH THE STOMATA)

25. cotyledon 3’s Scattered vascular tissue parallel Fibrous roots Vascular tissue in bundles 4’s or 5’s netlike Tap root cotyledon