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Kingdom Plantae Plant Morphology

Kingdom Plantae Plant Morphology. Plant Evolution. Ancestor = Charophytes  member of the green algae. Evidence that supports this idea:. Homologous chloroplasts Similarity in characteristics d/t common ancestry Biochemical similarity Similarities in cytokinesis Sperm cell ultrastructure

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Kingdom Plantae Plant Morphology

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  1. Kingdom PlantaePlant Morphology

  2. Plant Evolution Ancestor = Charophytes member of the green algae

  3. Evidence that supports this idea: • Homologous chloroplasts Similarity in characteristics d/t common ancestry • Biochemical similarity • Similarities in cytokinesis • Sperm cell ultrastructure • Genetic relationships

  4. Problems associated with movement to land • Desiccation • Gas exchange • Support of multicellular structures • Spore or seed dispersal • Reproduction

  5. Alternation of generations Two Generations: • Sporophyte stage • Diploid stage • Sporo = spore (n) plant • sporopollenin • Spores produced via meiosis • Sporangium  sporocytes (2n)

  6. Alternation of generations con’t. Two Generations: 2. Gametophyte a. haploid stage b. gameto = gamete plant c. gametes produced via MITOSIS

  7. Monocots Dicots Angiosperms ovary Gymnosperms no ovary seeds Cryptogams spores vascular Bryophytes nonvascular land Sporophyte dominates life cycle

  8. Bryophytes Gametangia = structures where gametes are produced • Archegonia - egg cells • Antheridia – sperm cells * Sporophyte cannot live independently

  9. Moss plants – gametophyte & sporophyte generations

  10. The Liverworts (Hepatophyta) - Marchantia sp.

  11. The Hornworts (Anthocerophyta) Anthoceros sp.

  12. Bryophytes con’t Stomata a. openings in leaves that allow for gas exchange

  13. Bryophytes con’t Cuticle (made of cutin)

  14. Bryophytes con’t. No fundamental difference between above and below ground parts - 2 cm tall Still have a need for water

  15. Vascular Plants - Tracheophytes Dominant stage = sporophyte Specialized organs • Stems • Leaves - megaphyll - microphyll • Sporophylls: specialized leaf to house meiosporangia • Many cone shaped • Homosporous & heterosporous • Roots - rhizomes

  16. Vascular plants con’t. Branching  increased sporangia Some contain lignin a. structural support Vascular tissues a. Xylem b. phloem

  17. Vascular plants con’t. Two types of growth – apical meristem a. Primary growth b. Secondary growth Sperm still flagellated Maintained stomata & cuticle

  18. Vascular Plants - Tracheophytes  plants w/ pipes Broken up into two groups: • Reproduce by sporesCryptogams: crypto: hidden, gam: sex • Reproduce by seeds Gymnosperms: naked seed plants (cones)Angiosperms: seed surrounded by ovary (flowers)

  19. Innovations of the Cryptogams • Roots- uptake water, minerals, nutrients, and gases • Vascular tissue- xylem & phloem arranged in bundles • Division of labor- specialized tissues and organs • Lignin- infused in xylem  support against gravity • Hormones- regulate plant development

  20. P: Lycophyta C: Lycopodiopsida (microphylls)

  21. P: Lycophyta C: Sellaginellopsida Sellaginella – The resurrection plant l.s. strobilus

  22. P: Psilotophyta* stems only

  23. P: Sphenophyta Equisetum sp. - Horsetail Aerial stem in c.s.

  24. Equisetum gametophyte & sporophyte stages.

  25. Equisteum strobilus (cone: compact group of meiosporangium-bearing structures). Left: whole mount and Right: cross section showing sporangiophore: stem-like structure bearing sporangium (container in which spores are borne).

  26. P: Pterophyta – the ferns Gametophytes

  27. Sori (cluster of meiosporangia) on the underside of sporophylls (specialized leaf that bears meiosporangia) aka fronds.

  28. Sori in c.s. Note – indusium: layer of tissue protecting meiosporangia filled with meiospores. Annulus (head portion of meiosporangia) also present.

  29. Left: fern gametophyte (prothallium) with archegonia and antheridia. Right: sporophyte growing out of gametophyte. Rhizoids present.

  30. Vascular Seed Plants • Gymnosperms – naked seed plants • Angiosperms – flowering plants

  31. Seed plant characteristics • Seeds • Reduced gametophytes – microscopic - Gametophytes develop from spores retained in sporangia of parental sporophyte protects female gametophyte from environmental stresses - Gametophyte obtains nutrients from sporophytes

  32. Seed plant characteristics con’t. • Heterospory • Megasporangia: produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes • egg within ovule • Microsporangia: produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes • sperm within pollen

  33. Seed plants con’t. • Non-flagellated sperm • pollen • Moved by water, wind, insects, and animals • Egg cells a. Called ovules  located inside the ovary

  34. Seed plants • Purpose of the seed: A. means of dispersal B. Survive unfavorable conditions C. Stores food for embryo D. Protection from predators

  35. Seed plants con’t. • Characteristics Maintained: -vascular tissue -cuticles -stomata

  36. Gymnosperms • Needle-like leaves • Found in moderately cold & dry regions • Direct pollination  ovules NOT enclosed in ovaries

  37. P: Cycadophyta • dioecious: seeds & pollen produced on different sporophytes • strobili: micro and megasporophylls

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