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History Of Computer Animation

History Of Computer Animation. 한신대학교 컴퓨터공학부 류승택 2011 년 2 학기. What is Animation ?. an ・ i ・ ma ・ tion (n) a motion picture made from a series of drawings simulating motion by means of slight progressive changes in the drawings. History of animation.

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History Of Computer Animation

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  1. History Of Computer Animation 한신대학교 컴퓨터공학부 류승택 2011년 2학기

  2. What is Animation ? • an・i・ma・tion (n) • a motion picture made from a series of drawings simulating motion by means of slight progressive changes in the drawings

  3. History of animation • The Egyptians used a forerunner to comic strips in their wall decoration. • This sequential depiction of wrestlers actions is dated at 2000 BC. • At the same time the Chinese were using flick books.

  4. History of animation: Persistence of vision • Thaumatrope - 1825 • Round board with a cage on one side and a bird on the other. • A piece of string is attached to each edge. • When the disc is spun the bird appears to be inside the cage

  5. History of animation: Persistence of vision • Phenakistiscope – 1832 • Disc with images drawn in sequential order around its surface. Above each image is a slit. • The user spins the disc and look through the slit at the image in the mirror.

  6. History of animation: Persistence of vision • Zoetrope - 1834 • Band of pictures placed on the inside edge of a rotating cylinder. Above the images there are slits. • The viewers look down through the slits at the image on the opposite side while the cylinder is spinning giving the pictures the illusion of motion.

  7. History of animation: Persistence of vision • Kineograph (flipbook (=flick book)) - 1868 • Set of sequential drawings bound together as a book. User looks at the pages while flipping through them

  8. History of animation: Persistence of vision • Praxinoscope - 1877 • Band of pictures is placed inside an outer cylinder. Each picture is reflected by a set of flat mirrors on the inner cylinder. • When the cylinder rotates, the reflected pictures gives the illusion of motion.

  9. History of animation: Photography • Zoopraxiscope - 1877 • Eadward Muybridge's solution: set up 12 cameras connected by wires. As the horse runs by each camera the wire is broken and the camera takes a picture. • Can take these images, put them in a projected version of a Phenakistiscope using glass discs with the images around the edge of the discs

  10. History of animation: Photography • Kinetoscope – 1888 • an early motion picture exhibition device • developed by Thomas Edison & his employee William Kennedy Laurie Dickson

  11. History of animation: Photography • THE ENCHANTED DRAWING - 1900, Edison • Live action films + replacement technique • HUMOROUS PHASES OF FUNNY FACES -1906, Vitagraph • The first animation recorded frame by frame

  12. History of animation: Photography • Gertie, The Trained Dinosaur - 1914 • Amazingly consisted of 10,000 drawings by Winsor McCay • Krazy Kat - 1916 • widely popular in American animation only in the 1920s • FELIX THE CAT -1920s • The most popular character and series of this period, started as the Feline Follies from Sullivan's studio. merchandising of animated characters.

  13. History of animation: Photography • 1930s • Mickey Mouse(1928), Pluto, Fleischer(1930), Donald Duck(1934), Porky Pig(1935), Porky Duck(1937) • 1940s~ • Woody Woodpecker(1941), Tom & Jerry, Droopy(1943), Tweetie(1947), Flinstons(1960), Simpsons(1987)

  14. Computer Animation in Films • 1977: Star Wars • 1982 : Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan • Lucasfilm's Pixar group (Particle System) • 1982: Tron, 1st feature film by CG • the first time that computer-generated imagery (CGI) had been extensively used in a feature film • 1986: Luxo Jr. nominated for Oscar • 1989: ILM creates the Abyss • produced the first organic and highly believable water-creature • 1995: Toy Story, 1st full CG feature film (Pixar)

  15. Animation Heritage • ILM: Jurassic Park (1993), Jumangi (1995), Mars Attacks (1996), Flubber (1997), Titanic (1999) • Angel Studios: Lawnmower Man (1992) • PDI: Batman Returns (1995) • Tippett Studio: Dragonheart (1996), Starship Troopers (1997) • Disney: Beauty and the Beast (1991), Lion King (1994), Tarzan (1999) • Dreamworks: Antz, Prince of Egypt • Pixar: Toy Story, A Bug’s Life, Monster’s Inc. CGI Animation Computer-generated imagery changed animated films forever

  16. Animation Heritage • 2000s • Photorealistic humans (Final Fantasy, Beowolf) • Real-time complex worlds on consoles (PS3,Xbox360) • Today - what’s left?

  17. Animation techniques • Traditional animation • Stop motion • Computer animation • Experimental Animation Techniques

  18. Traditional animation • Traditional animation (=cel animation) • Full animation • The most widely-known style in animation, known for its realistic and often very detailed art. • Ex) All Disney feature length animations, Pinocchio, The Iron Giant (1999) • Limited animation • A cheaper process of making animated cartoons that does not follow a "realistic" approach. (reduces the number of inbetweens12fps) • Ex) The Flintstones, Yellow Submarine (Flash/PowerPoint Animation) • Rubber hose animation • The characters are usually very "cartoony", and the animators have a lot of artistic freedom as rubber hose doesn't have to follow the laws of physics and anatomy • Ex) Early Mickey Mouse cartoons, Popeye, Ren and Stimpy • Rotoscoping • A technique where animators trace live-action movement, frame by frame, • directly copying an actors outlines into an animated drawing • use rotoscoped material as a basis and inspiration for a more fluid and expressive animation (e.g. Disney). • Ex) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Gulliver's Travels, American Pop

  19. Stop motion • Stop motion • Clay animation (=Claymation) • Using figures made of clay or a similar malleable material. • The figures may have an wire frame inside of them , similar to puppet animation Ex) Wallace and Gromit; The Amazing Mr. Bickford; The Trap Door • Cutout animation • Formed by moving 2-dimensional pieces of material such as paper or cloth. Ex) Fantastic Planet; Tale of Tales; pilot episode of South Park • Silhouette animation • A monochrome variant of cutout animation in which the characters are only visible as black silhouettes. Ex) The Adventures of Prince Achmed; Princes et princesses • Model animation • Model animated characters interact with, and are a part of, the live-action world. Ex) King Kong • Object animation • involves the animated movements of any non-drawn objects such as toys, blocks, dolls, etc. which are not fully malleable, such as clay or wax (Ex: Brickfilm) • Puppet animation • involves puppet figures interacting with each other in a constructed environment, in contrast to the real-world interaction in model animation (above). Ex) The Nightmare Before Christmas

  20. Computer animation • 2D animation • Figures are created and/or edited on the computer using 2D bitmap graphics or created and edited using 2D vector graphics. • This includes automated computerized versions of traditional animation techniques such as of tweening, morphing, onion skinning and interpolated rotoscoping. • Analog computer animation • Flash animation Ex) Romeo & Juliet: Sealed with a Kiss • PowerPoint animation

  21. Computer animation • 3D animation • Digital models manipulated by an animator. In order to manipulate a mesh, it is given a digital armature (sculpture). This process is called rigging. • Various other techniques can be applied, such as mathematical functions (ex. gravity, particle simulations), simulated fur or hair, effects such as fire and water and the use of Motion capture. • Examples: The Incredibles, Shrek, Finding Nemo • 3D animation Terms • Cel-shaded animation • Morph target animation • Skeletal animation • Motion capture • Crowd simulation

  22. Experimental Animation Techniques • Drawn on film animation • Also known as "direct animation", or "animation without camera" • A technique where footage is produced by creating the images directly on film stock, for example by Norman McLaren. • Paint-on-glass animation • A technique for making animated films by manipulating slow drying oil paints on sheets of glass. Ex) The Old Man and the Sea (1999) • Pinscreen animation • Makes use of a screen filled with movable pins, which can be moved in or out by pressing an object onto the screen. The screen is lit from the side so that the pins cast shadows. • Sand animation • Sand is moved around on a backlighted or frontlighted piece of glass to create each frame for an animated film.

  23. Animation from CGI

  24. Applications • Special Effects (Movies, TV) • Video Games • Virtual Reality • Simulation, Training, Military • Medical • Robotics, Animatronics • Visualization • Communication Animatronics

  25. Resolution & Frame Rates • Video: • NTSC: 720 x 480 @ 30 Hz (interlaced) • PAL: 720 x 576 @ 25 Hz (interlaced) • HDTV: • 720p: 1280 x 720 @ 60 Hz • 1080i: 1920 x 1080 @ 30 Hz (interlaced) • 1080p: 1920 x 1080 @ 60 Hz • Film: • 35mm: ~2000 x ~1500 @ 24 Hz • 70mm: ~4000 x ~2000 @ 24 Hz • IMAX: ~5000 x ~4000 @ 24-48 Hz • Note: Hz (Hertz) = frames per second (fps) • Note: Video standards with an i (such as 1080i) are interlaced, while standards with a p (1080p) are progressive scan

  26. Programming Animation: Batch

  27. Programming Animation: Renderers • Renderman • Created by Pixar…Used in Pixar films. • Pixar’s prman (ICL6) • BMRT Renderer • Persistance of Vision (POV-RAY) • Radiance

  28. Programming Animation: Realtime

  29. Programming Animation: Application • 3D APIs • C/C++ • OpenGL • G3D (http://g3d-cpp.sourceforge.net/) • DirectX / Direct 3D • Java • Java3D • JOGL

  30. Programming Animation: Web

  31. Programming Animation: Web Based • Several proprietary formats • Viewpoint, MM Shockwave, Abobe Atmosphere • VRML/X3D • ISO Standard for Web Based 3D Worlds

  32. Cel vs Computer Animation • Snow White vs. Toy Story • Not much has changed in 70 years! • Technology not process. 1937 1995

  33. Animation Pipeline Story Shading Model Layout Voice Animation Foley Lighting Camera Postprocess

  34. Animation Pipeline Story

  35. Animation Pipeline • Story • The story drives the process • Storyboard – rough drawings that tell the story • Tools for you • Paper • Pencil • Napkins • Palm of hands • Etc.

  36. Animation Pipeline Story Shading Model Layout

  37. Animation Pipeline • Setting the stage • Models –characters objects in story • Layout – staging / blocking • Shading – defines look of your model

  38. Animation Pipeline Story Shading Model Layout Animation

  39. Animation Pipeline • Animation • aka Motion Control • This is the crux of what you will be doing • Degrees of Freedom problem • Your job is to make the number of degrees of freedom manageable to an animator • Animator decides what is managable and what parameters should be under his/her control.

  40. Animation Pipeline Story Shading Model Layout Animation Lighting Camera

  41. Animation Pipeline • Lighting • Set up virtual lighting to achieve visual goals. • Camera • Render frames and assemble

  42. Animation Pipeline Story Shading Model Layout Voice Animation Foley Lighting Camera Postprocess

  43. Animation Pipeline • If you wish to add sound • Voice drives animation (lip sync) • Animation drive sound effects (foley) • Background music.

  44. Reference • http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/tkomura/cav/index.html • http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~vbz/cs231.html • http://www.evl.uic.edu/aej/527/

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