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Ch. 31 Americas in an Age of Independence 1800 - 1920. Read the parts about Canada on your own. Enlightenment Legacies - societies based on freedom, equality & Constitutional government only partially realized. Latin America (henceforth LA) creole elites or caudillo rule
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Ch. 31 Americas in an Age of Independence 1800 - 1920 Read the parts about Canada on your own.
Enlightenment Legacies - societies based on freedom, equality & Constitutional government only partially realized • Latin America (henceforth LA) creole elites or caudillo rule • US treatment of NA (native Americans), blacks and women
U.S. Westward Expansion • Louisiana Territory 1803 • Indian Removal Act 1830 and, after Civil War (1861 - 1865) Plains Indian Wars, Little Big Horn, Ghost Dance, Wounded Knee 1890 • Mexican War 1845-1848 slavery issue- > 40% Mexican territory
LA - after failure of Bolivar's Gran Colombia-fragmentation • Leaders less experienced in self government (colonial legislatures & Protestant congregations) • Creole elites prevent mass participation. As in U.S. use modern weapons to crush indigenous people • Rule of caudillo - military regional leaders with appeal to populist sentiment. Exploit discontent of people & restore order as Rosas does in Argentina 1835-52.
Mexico - Juarez attempts to limit power of Church & monarchy • Male suffrage & land reform • Suspends loan payments to foreign powers (Brit., France & Spain) who intervene • France under Napoleon III proclaims Mexican Empire - 1867 ends
Mexican Revolution 1911 - 1920 • MC joins w peasants to overthrow Diaz. • Attempt to change society where 95% of peasants landless • Villa and Zapata • Fail to capture main cities • Do get Constitution of 1917 - (fill in)
Villa on the presidential chair, next toZapata, after deposing Victoriano Huerta.
Economic Development of Americas shaped by Migration & British investment • LA dependence on single crop export • Although slavery is gone by 1880s at latest, still see unfree labor in form of indentures, debt peonage and sharecropping
US immigrant surge to work in factories • 1850s > 2 M (mainly N & W Europe) • By 1880s (S & E) • After Opium Wars >200,000 Chinese to US on labor contracts for RRs.
Chinese railroad workers transported dirt by the cartload to fill in this Secrettown Trestle in the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
Unlike N America, migrants to LA go to agricultural plantations • Chinese, Indian, Japanese, Italian
Brits invest in US • Blessed with natural resources • 1870 - 1900 US surges • Inventions, patents • Labor disputes often violent but big business backed by government usually wins
Strike of ‘77 - Government intervenes on the side of business
Immigration 1840 - 1914 25 M from Europe • Nativism • Violence • Chinese Exclusion Act and mistreatment of Japanese • 1924 Quota Act severely limits immigration from southern and eastern Europe
Colonial legacies help explain lack of development in LA • Profits do not go into industrial development, but into hands of oligarchs and foreign investors • Governments can do little faced with foreign intervention elites profit from
Force them onto reservations • "Let them kill, skin, and sell until the buffalo is exterminated, as it is the only way to bring lasting peace and allow civilization to advance." - General Philip Sheridan
Treatment of NA • Late 19th century attempt to take even cramped and marginal territories (reservations) • Destroy buffalo 15M • Dawes Act (Americanization) • Indian Schools (Carlisle - Jim Thorpe)
Blacks after Civil War - Reconstruction 1865 - 77 • Democratic experiment in S occupied by Union troops • 14th & 15th Amendments • Biracial govt • After troops leave
Redemption • Sharecropping • Economic, political and violent means to take away vote and impose segregation
Women - Seneca Falls and beyond • Some progress re education and careers
Ethnic Ident & Gender in SA Heritage of Spanish & Portugese colonialism & slavery leads to hierarchical distinctions based on ethnicity & colorPeninsulares-Creoles-Mestizos- Mulattoes etcIndentured immigrants from Asia Come to Brazil, Peru, Cuba
Asian immigration in SA • Peru, Brazil & Cuba
LA intellectuals identify with Europe • Gaucho ideal linked to cowboys and vaquero and samurai • Represent independent, self-sufficient and egalitarian strain • Myth of independent outsider with own moral code • Fade in late 1800s due to large landlords with barbed wire as in US & powerful states which force military service • Male domination even stronger in LA than N America