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An Age of Explorations and Isolation , 1400–1800

CHAPTER. 19. QUIT. An Age of Explorations and Isolation , 1400–1800. Chapter Overview. Time Line. Europeans Explore the East. 1. SECTION. China Rejects European Outreach. 2. SECTION. Japan Limits Western Contacts. 3. SECTION. MAP. GRAPH. Visual Summary. CHAPTER. 19.

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An Age of Explorations and Isolation , 1400–1800

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  1. CHAPTER 19 QUIT An Age of Explorations and Isolation, 1400–1800 Chapter Overview Time Line Europeans Explore the East 1 SECTION China Rejects European Outreach 2 SECTION Japan Limits Western Contacts 3 SECTION MAP GRAPH Visual Summary

  2. CHAPTER 19 Chapter Overview HOME An Age of Explorations and Isolation, 1400–1800 Seeking spices and converts, European nations lead successful voyages of exploration to the East. China and Japan both limit foreign contact after a brief period of acceptance.

  3. CHAPTER 19 1800 1400 HOME An Age of Explorations and Isolation, 1400–1800 Time Line 1405Zheng He takes first voyage. 1494Spain and Portugal sign Treaty of Tordesillas. 1619Dutch establish trade headquarters in Java. 1419Prince Henry founds navigation school. 1603Tokugawa shoguns rule Japan. 1793Britain seeks trade opening with China.

  4. 1 HOME Europeans Explore the East Key Idea The desire for profit and the hope of spreading Christianity motivate European exploration, and new technology makes it possible. The Portuguese dominate exploration until other Europeans, especially the Dutch, establish their own trading empires. Overview Assessment

  5. 1 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME Europeans Explore the East Overview •Bartolomeu Dias •Prince Henry •Vasco da Gama •Treaty of Tordesillas •Dutch East India Company WHY IT MATTERS NOW Driven by the desire for wealth and Christian converts, Europeans began an age of exploration. European exploration was an important step toward the global interaction that characterizes the world today. Assessment

  6. 1 1 Section Assessment 1419 1498 1487 1511 HOME Europeans Explore the East 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Trace the establishment of Portugal’s trading empire in the Indian Ocean by supplying the significant event for each date shown below. Prince Henry founds navigation school. Vasco da Gama reaches the Indian port of Calicut. Dias sails around the tip of Africa. The Portuguese gain control of the Strait of Malacca. continued . . .

  7. 1 HOME Europeans Explore the East 1 Section Assessment 2. What did the Treaty of Tordesillas reveal about Europeans’ attitudes toward non-European lands and peoples?THINK ABOUT •the dispute between the Portuguese and Spanish •how the treaty settled the dispute ANSWER The treaty revealed that Europeans had a low view of non-Europeans and considered their land to be free for the taking. Possible Response: continued . . .

  8. 1 HOME Europeans Explore the East 1 Section Assessment 3. In what ways did Europeans owe some of their sailing technology to other peoples of the world? THINK ABOUT •the astrolabe •the compass ANSWER The astrolabe had been perfected by the Muslims, while the magnetic compass was invented by the Chinese. Possible Response: End of Section 1

  9. 2 HOME China Rejects European Outreach Key Idea After a series of successful voyages of exploration, China withdraws into isolation. Both the Ming and the Qing dynasties limit foreign trade and follow a policy of self-sufficiency. Overview Assessment

  10. 2 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME China Rejects European Outreach Overview •Ming Dynasty •Hongwu •Yonglo •Zheng He •Manchus •Qing Dynasty • Kangxi WHY IT MATTERS NOW Advances under the Ming and Qing dynasties left China self-contained and uninterested in European contact. China’s independence from the West continues today, even as it forges new economic ties with the outside world. Assessment

  11. 2 2 Section Assessment Emperor Relevant Facts • Defeated Mongols • First Ming emperor • Ruled 1368–1398 • Encouraged agriculture, Confucian standards, administrative reforms Hongwu • Became brutal • 1398, assumed throne • Moved capital to Beijing Yonglo • Built Forbidden City • Sponsored first Zheng He voyage • Increased number of tributaries • Ruled 1661–1722 • First Manchu emperor • Defeated Mongols Kangxi • Lowered taxes • Patronized arts • Ruled 1736–1795 at China’s greatest size and prosperity Qian-long • Dealt with border unrest and European missionaries and traders • Hard-working HOME China Rejects European Outreach 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List several relevant facts about each emperor below. continued . . .

  12. 2 HOME China Rejects European Outreach 2 Section Assessment 2. When Qian-long expected Lord George Macartney to kowtow, what do you think Macartney should have done? Why?THINK ABOUT •cultural differences •effect on trading •the kowtow ritual •political correctness ANSWER •kowtow to gain trade •bow to compromise •stand to show equality •refuse to see him to show disfavor Possible Responses: End of Section 2

  13. 3 HOME Japan Limits Western Contacts GRAPH MAP Key Idea After a period of severe disorder, the Tokugawa Shogunate unifies Japan. In the two centuries of peace and prosperity that follow, the Japanese close their country to foreign ideas by banning Christianity and severely restricting foreign trade. Overview Assessment

  14. 3 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME Japan Limits Western Contacts GRAPH MAP Overview •daimyo •Oda Nobunaga •Toyotomi Hideyoshi •Tokugawa Shogunate •kabuki •haiku WHY IT MATTERS NOW The Tokugawa regime unified Japan and began a 200-year period of isolation, autocracy, and economic growth. Even now, Japan continues to limit and control dealings with foreigners, especially in the area of trade. Assessment

  15. 3 Daimyo Accomplishments Nobunaga Hideyoshi Ieyasu HOME Japan Limits Western Contacts GRAPH MAP 3 Section Assessment 1. Japan was unified by a succession of daimyos. Summarize the accomplishments of each. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. • 1568, took Kyoto • Defeated enemy daimyos • 1575, used firearms in battle • By 1590, claimed most of Japan • Invaded Korea in 1592 • 1600, defeated rival daimyos • 1603, took shogun title • Moved capital to Edo • Restricted daimyo power • Rule of law continued . . .

  16. 3 HOME Japan Limits Western Contacts GRAPH MAP 3 Section Assessment 2. Do you think Japan’s closed country policy effectively kept Western ideas and customs out of Japan? THINK ABOUT •the attitude toward European presence •reaction to past restrictions on Christianity and trade •the role of Nagasaki ANSWER Yes—European influence was confined to Nagasaki; large population uneducated; shoguns censored information. No—Nagasaki provided a port for European ideas as well as trade. Possible Responses: continued . . .

  17. 3 HOME Japan Limits Western Contacts GRAPH MAP 3 Section Assessment 3. Compare and contrast the role of women in China to the role of women in Japan. What are the similarities and the differences between the two? ANSWER China—female infanticide; footbinding; some jobs outside home Japan—no female infanticide or footbinding; more job opportunities Both—subservient to husband; most work in fields; manage household and children Possible Responses: End of Section 3

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