Sustainable Development Policies and Measures:

1. B A S C I Sustainable Development Policies and Measures: Putting development first in a carbon-constrained world. BASIC MEETING February, 2005 Jonathan PershingClimate, Energy and Pollution ProgramWorld Resources Institute

2. Higher Emissions = Higher Risks 550 high 450 high 550 low 450 low Source: IPCC TAR, 2001

3. 118% 57% 39% 84% 35% 19% 42% 70% 80% 68% 26% 124% But GHG emissions are projected to continue to increase… Millions of Tons of Carbon Equiv. Source: WRI CAIT

4. The development challenge Population without access to electricity, selected countries Source: Bradley and Baumert, “Growing in the Greenhouse”

5. The development challenge Motor vehicles per 1000 people, selected countries Source: Bradley and Baumert, “Growing in the Greenhouse”

6. GLOBAL CO2 EMISSIONS FOR IPCC/SRES SCENARIO GROUPS

7. What is an SD-PAM? A commitment to implement a policy or measure – not based on GHG emissions, but where the development path results in lowered emissions. • Driven by host country development needs. • Large-scale policies and measures, not projects. • Development path chosen results in significantly lower emissions. • Declared and registered under the international climate framework.

8. Looking at real-world examples Brazil Biofuels for transport Reducing the economic impact of oil imports and supporting the rural economy China Innovative transport approaches Promoting mobility while avoiding urban infrastructure and oil supply constraints India Renewable energy in rural electrification Providing electricity faster and safer to 500 million people South Africa Carbon capture and storage Finding ways to reduce the impact of coal in developing countries

9. India – options for rural electrification India’s rural electrification: 500-600 million people without electricity. Three supply scenarios: • Grid First • Diesel First • Renewables First Three levels of rural electricity demand. Source: Dubash and Bradley

10. India – a wider potential role for renewable energy Approaches are evaluated by India’s national criteria. Grid First offers little hope of meeting electrification goals. Diesel First raises significant oil import concerns. Renewables First brings benefits but at significant capital cost – can international policy help? Qualitative assessment of the scenarios CO2 emissions under the scenarios Source: Dubash and Bradley

11. Motor Vehicle Shares of Criteria Pollutants in Chinese Cities Source: Schipper and Ng, 2005

12. Oil Production, Consumption and Imports for China Source: Schipper and Ng, 2005

13. Three scenarios for China: Energy and Carbon from Motor Vehicles Source: Schipper and Ng, 2005

14. Implementing SD PAMS • Fitting SD-PAMs into future climate agreements • Consistent with UNFCCC & KP (including evolving CDM) • Could be implemented through new arrangements • Financing SD-PAMs • Allows funding from both climate resources (including GEF, CDM etc) and non-climate resources (FDI, World Bank, etc.) • Still inadequate to development (and climate) needs • Limitations of SD-PAMs • Does not substitute for mitigation by developed countries • Not appropriate for every technology or policy. • Implementation, on the scale needed, may not attract sufficient funding.