SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

1. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING MDS 2203 Dr. Norazli Othman/Dr. Samira Kamaruddin/PM Dr. Shreeshivadasan

2. Sustainable Urban systems and services Infrastructure and utilities Water utilisation (reuse) Wastewater treatment technology (remove pollutant) Integrated storm water management (source of water and water quality) Energy saving ( renewable energy and energy saving technology Waste management Reduce and reuse Recycling and recovery Treatment and disposal

3. INFRASTRUCTURE AND UTILITIESWater Utilization (reuse and reduce) REUSE OF STORM WATER: Rainwater harvesting system REUSE OF WASTEWATER (INDUSTRY) : Wastewater treatment technology REUSE OF WASTEWATER (DOMESTIC): Reuse of toilet water flushing REDUCE OF WASTEWATER (DOMESTIC):Design of toilet flushing volume, GROUP 6: Flooding

4. INFRASTRUCTURE AND UTILITIESWaste water treatment technology (remove pollutant) STORMWATER: Storm water Gross Pollutant Traps for river rehabilitation (MSMA) WASTEWATER TREATMENT (INDUSTRY) : Kualiti Alam, Industry wastewater treatment plant, pre-treatment WASTEWATER TREATMENT(DOMESTIC): Centralized wastewater treatment plant, other technology GROUP 6: Flooding

5. INFRASTRUCTURE AND UTILITIESIntegrated Stormwater Management (source of water and water quality) MSMA manual GROUP 6: Flooding

6. INFRASTRUCTURE AND UTILITIESEnergy (renewable energy and energy saving technology ELECTRICITY CONSERVATION : shade curtains, bulbs, computers, cooking, air-cond ENERGY SAVING TECHNOLOGY: Green roof, solar heating, eco-friendly building, toilet air circulation, transportation, automatic switch on/off lamp RENEWABLE ENERGY (WASTE TO WEALTH) : incinerator, landfill GROUP 6: Flooding

7. WASTE MANAGEMENTReduce and reuse Manufacturing stage Waste management GROUP 6: Flooding

8. WATER CYCLE UTILIZATION FOR SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT

10. INTRODUCTION • The rapid growth of rural into urban area, and the continual development of urban areas have resulted in increasingly more noticeable water shortages in cities. • Water cycle utilization plays a very important role as one of the best countermeasures against a shortage of water supply in the cities. • Water cycle utilization should take into account the raw water, water and waste water treatment, water use , water recycle and water reuse. • The effective measure in the use of water must be carried out in order to minimize use of water without wastage.

11. life cycle urban water system INTRODUCTION • For the urban water system the water life cycle starts by extraction of water from surface water and groundwater. • The life cycle ends with discharge of treated or untreated wastewater and storm water into the water bodies, stream, river and sea. • The water life cycle boundaries also include the surrounding technical and agricultural system as shown in Fig.1.

12. INTRODUCTION System boundaries for the urban water system used in the development of environmental sustainability indicators through LCA; (1a) Drinking water treatment (1b) Wastewater treatment (2) Anthropogenic treatment, use and handling of urban water (3) The urban water system and surrounding systems

13. Water Cycle Utilization water cycle utilization in urban area

14. Basic Water Cycle Utilization The basic hydrologic cycle with source of raw water

15. Water Cycle Utilization in Malaysia Thermoelectric power Livestock Commercial Mining Water uses Industrial Domestic Agriculture / irrigation/ Non - agriculture

16. Water Cycle Utilization in Malaysia Domestic Indoor Use graywater for toilet flushing. Install low volume toilets but consider the water enough for wash the bowl. When are washing our hand, don’t let the water run while lather. When washing dishes by hand, don't let the water run while rinsing. Fill one sink with wash water and the other with rinse water. Wash clothes only when had a full load and choose new water saving appliances, like washing machines. Time shower to keep it under certain suitable time such as 5 minute, don’t waste the water. Turn off the water while brush the teeth, shampoo or conditioner our hair. When clean the aquarium and wash the vegetables or rice, use the water to drain on our plants. Drop the tissue or garbage in the trash instead of flushing it and save water every time. Cook food in as little water as possible. This will also retain more the nutrient. Check the water tank to avoid the leakage.

17. Water Cycle Utilization in Malaysia Domestic Outdoor Check sprinkler system frequently and adjust sprinklers so only lawn is watered. Check the pipe line and install the suitable fixtures to avoid the leakage. Check water meter and bill to track water usage. Use a recycle water to wash the car. Turn off the water while wash the car and open back for cleaning process. When backwashing the pool, consider using the water on landscaping. Any rain captured from house roofs and grey water could be freely used for landscape

18. Water Cycle Utilization in Malaysia Offices and Commercial Post a hotline in bathrooms and kitchens to report leaks or water waste to facility managers or maintenance personnel. Create a suggestion and incentives system at organization to recognize water-saving ideas. Implement a water management plan for facility and then educate employees on good water habits through newsletters and posters. Publish organization’s monthly water use to show progress toward water-saving goals. Have a water audit done for facility to find out the recommended water use for operations, and then make sure someone monitors utility bills to gauge monthly consumption. Have maintenance personnel regularly check facilities for leaks, drips and other water waste. When buying new appliances, consider those that offer cycle and load size adjustments. They are more water and energy efficient. Shut off water to unused areas of facility to eliminate waste from leaks or unmonitored use.

19. Water Cycle Utilization in Malaysia • Industrial • Industries often reuse the same water over and over for more than one purpose. • Make sure water use is kept at minimal levels. • Major concern about water use in industry is that the government should be regulate or enforce the standards put in place to conserve water. Countries need governing bodies to control water use and enforce those guidelines strictly. There needs to be a conservation plan that is followed to help make freshwater accessible to all. • Check the pipe line and install the suitable fixtures to avoid the leakage. • Check water meter and bill to track water usage.

20. Water Cycle Utilization in Malaysia • Agricultural/ Irrigation/Non-agricultural • Use the rainwater harvesting system to collect water. • Graywater is most suitable for subsurface irrigation landscape plant. • Planning, installing and maintaining irrigation system. • Use wastewater treatment for irrigation. • Supplies minimize fresh water to nonagricultural activities. • Check the pipe line and install the suitable fixtures to avoid the leakage. • Check water meter and bill to track water usage

21. Water Cycle Utilization in Malaysia • Livestock • Livestock water use only includes fresh water. So, uses minimize the fresh water for livestock without wastage. • Check the pipe line and install the suitable fixtures to avoid the leakage. • Check water meter and bill to track water usage

22. Water Cycle Utilization in Malaysia Mining Use the fresh water properly depend on the activity needed. Check the pipe line and install the suitable fixtures to avoid the leakage. Check water meter and bill to track water usage

23. Water Cycle Utilization in Malaysia • Thermoelectric power • Fossil fuel power plants typically use the reuse water. They generate electricity by turning a turbine using steam power. After the steam is used to turn the turbines, it is condensed back to water by cooling it. The condensed water is then routed back to the boiler, where the cycle begins again

24. Benefits of water cycle utilization and conserve water use Water cycle utilization and conserve water use can brings us many advantages include the social, economical and environmental impacts Water cycle utilization is essential to get maximum source of water supply and avoid shortage water problem especially high population area; Water cycle utilization is a sound economic decision, especially in communities facing water shortages. Water cycle utilization creates a dependable and controllable local source of supply, which is essential to the economic stability of any community; Water cycle utilization helps decrease unnecessary, harmful discharge back into the water sources, helping maintain a healthy environment by reducing water pollution; Practice the best ways water use can cut water consumption.  

25. RAIN WATER HARVESTING

28. REUSE OF TOILET WATER FLUSHING

29. REUSE OF TOILET WATER FLUSHING

30. DESIGN OF TOILET FLUSHING VOLUME

31. ENERGY CONSERVATION, SAVING AND RENEWABLE

32. ELECTRICITY CONSERVATION

33. WHAT IS ENERGY CONSERVATION • DEFINITION: Energy conservation refers to efforts made to reduce energy consumption. Can be achieved through increased efficient energy use, OR by reducing energy consumption.

34. WHY TO CONSERVE IT? • We have limited resources available on earth • Our demands are continuously increasing day by day • It is possible that someday most of the non-renewable resources will be exhausted and we will have to switch over to alternate energy

36. WHAT WE CAN DO? Electricity Conservation

37. HOW CAN WE DO? ELECTRICITY CONSERVATION BY LIGHTING INCANDESCENT Bulbs V/S COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS (CFL) @ LED LIGHTS

38. Other useful tips for saving electricity in lighting • Turn off lights except those you need for security. Use timers to control lights which are left on for security purposes. • Paint the walls with white or lighter shades which enhance the reflection and makes energy saving possible. • Wiping off dust accumulated on the bulb/Tube light quite often would give better results. • BY using always the natural air and light; avoiding switching on lights during the day. • By promptly switch off the lights when the occupants leave the room / hall.

39. HOW CAN WE DO? ELECTRICITY CONSERVATION BY Home Cooling FANS V/S AIR- COND • Adjust air conditioner thermostat to 75 degrees. • Use portable fans and ceiling fans to circulate air. • Open your windows early in the morning to let cool air in the shut them later in the day when the temperature begins to go up. • Close your blinds and curtains in the afternoon to cut back on the amount of sunlight that heats up your home. • Plant deciduous trees (trees that have leaves that fall off in autumn) in your yard to provide shade during the summer to cool your home and yard. • Make sure your home is well insulated. • Replace your air conditioner filters every three months. • Clean your air conditioner filters every month. • Install the most efficient cooling system you can afford. We can save energy by switching off the air-conditioner half an hour before leaving the room. The atmosphere in the room will remain cool for the same time. • Close the doors and windows when using the air conditioner so that no air enters from the outside.

40. HOW CAN WE DO? ELECTRICITY CONSERVATION BY COOKING • Use microwaves or fix cold meals to cut back on using electric stoves or ovens. • Set your refrigerator thermostat to 40 degrees and use a thermometer to verify that the temperature is correct. • Keep your refrigerator door closed as much as possible (keep food in the same place so you won't have to hunt for it with the door open). • Set your freezer thermostat to 5 degrees • Keep your freezer full.  Cold foods keep each other cool. • Defrost your freezer before ice builds up to 1/4 inch. • Use toasters or toaster ovens instead of your oven whenever possible. • Don't open your oven door to check on food.  Look through the window. • Don't use a large burner to heat up food in a small pan.  Match the burner size with the pan size.

41. HOW CAN WE DO? ELECTRICITY CONSERVATION BY COMPUTER • Turn off your home / office equipment when not in use. A computer that runs 24 hours a day, for instance, uses more power than an energy-efficient refrigerator!! • Setting computers, monitors, and copiers to use sleep-mode when not in use helps cut • energy costs by approximately 40%. • Don't use a screensaver thinking that it is saving you energy. If there are any pictures being displayed on the screen at all, the computer is using the exact same energy as when it is operating normally. • Consider giving up your desktop for a more economical and environmentally-friendly laptop. A traditional desktop uses up to 250 watts, whereas a laptop uses between 15 and 45 watts when in use.

42. ELECTRICITY SAVING TECHNOLOGY

43. GREEN ROOF

44. Definition A roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane Traditional sod roofs in Faroe Islands Chicago City Hall

45. Benefits: • Reduce energy costs with natural insulation 2. Absorb storm water • Green roof mitigate water runoff, vegetation and soil act a sponge, absorbing and filtering water that would normally plunge down gutter 3.Create peaceful retreats for people and animals • Green roof replace a hard infrastructure with one that’s not only more efficient, but also beautiful and useful

46. 4. Improve air quality • Green roof plants remove air particulates, produce oxygen. 5. Help in reduce the URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECTS • Green roof plants use heat energy during evapotranspiration, a natural process that cools the air as water evaporates from plant leaves. • Evapotranspiration and the shading provided by plant help counter the Urban Heat Island Effect

48. SOLAR HEATING The conversion of solar radiation into heat for technological, comfort-heating and cooking purpose –McGraw-Hill Science & Technology Dictionary

49. Solar heating is a way of heating using the stored heat energy in your roof. How its work - It takes the warm air, and then discharges it into energy Solar collectors gathers the sun energy, transform its radiation into heat, then transfer that heat to water, solar fluid's or air

50. ECO-FRIENDLY BUILDING Is a structure and using environmentally process and resource-efficient throughout a building’s life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and demolition.