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Classification

Learn about the classification and taxonomy of living organisms, including early naming systems, binomial nomenclature, and the rules for assigning scientific names. Explore the importance of taxonomy in various fields and understand how relationships between species are determined through evolutionary classification.

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Classification

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  1. Classification

  2. Basic Definitions • Classificationthe grouping of objects/information based on similarities • Taxonomythe branch of biology concerned w/grouping & naming organisms

  3. Early Naming Systems • Based on edible or toxic • Aristotle – 1st system in 300 B.C. • plants vs. animals based on sizes & locations • Carolus Linneus - 1700’s • based on body structures • Still used today

  4. Binomial Nomenclature • Genussmall group closely related organisms • Speciesdescribes an important characteristic of the organism • G + S  Scientific name • Humans?

  5. Examples • Ursus maritimus • Ursus arctos • Genus-Ursus = bear • Species-maritimus = sea • Species-arctos = great northern/grizzly

  6. Scientific Names • Reduces confusion caused by common/local names • Scientific committee -consistency & preserves one of each species • Latin – dead language (words don’t change meaning) & basis for other languages

  7. Example • In USA & England - house sparrow • In Spain - gorrion • In Holland – musch • In Sweden – hussparf • Scientific Name - Passer domesticus

  8. Rules for writing Scientific Names • First letter of genus - ALWAYS capitalized • First letter of species - NEVER capitalized • Scientific names are italicized (if typed) or underlined (if hand written)

  9. Which of these are written correctly? • Violatricolor (pansy with 3-colored flower) • Quercus phellos (Willow Oak) • Nymphaeaordata (fragrant water lily) • ClostridiumBotulinum (bacteria that causes a form of food poisoning) • homo sapiens

  10. 4 Rules for assigning scientific names • All scientific names must be Latin words or terms constructed according to the rules of Latin grammar. • Two different organisms cannot be assigned the same scientific name.

  11. Rules continued… • For each member of the same genus, the second word (species name) must be different. • Organisms in different genera will NOT have the same genus name, BUT can have same species name.

  12. Kingdom (6) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Domains (3)

  13. Coral snake Abert squirrel Sea star Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos

  14. Classification System • The smallest group/TAXA is the species. • If they share many features but are clearly different species, they are classified as different species within the same genus.

  15. Example • House cat(Felisdomesticus) & the mountain lion (Felis concolor) • Lions placed in a separate genus, Pantheraleo

  16. Groups of similar genera are put into the same family. • Ex: All genera with cat-like characteristics are put in the family of Felidae.

  17. Families of similar organisms are placed in the same order. • Ex: Cats are in the same order as dogs—Carnivora—they are all meat eaters.

  18. Similar orders are grouped into the same class. • All warm-blooded animals that have body hair and produce milk for their young are in the class Mammalia.

  19. Similar classes are grouped into the same phylum. (Plants – divisions) • Mammals are placed in the same phyla as reptiles and fishes-Chordata. • Similar phyla are grouped into the same kingdom. • 6 kingdomsArchaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

  20. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species King Philip Came Over For Good Soup In review… • Kings • Play • Chess • On • Fuzzy • Green • Stools

  21. Importance of Taxonomy • Drugs for diseases • Invasive & toxic organisms • Earth friendly cleaning products

  22. Classification Today • Evolutionary classification, not just physical characteristics. • Relationships determined by structure, development, biochemistry, and behavior. • Phylogeny - the evolutionary history of a species; can be illustrated on a cladogram or phylogenic tree

  23. Reading a cladogram/phylogeny • Each branch represents an evolutionary lineage • Implied in the x direction is some sort of evolutionary distance from each other and implied in the y direction is relative time • Intersecting lines represent a speciation event

  24. 3 Domains

  25. Practice Problems

  26. Your turn

  27. Cladogram – shows evolutionary relationships

  28. DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN EUKARYA Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia DOMAIN BACTERIA 3 Domains

  29. Dichotomous Key • Set of paired statements that describe physical characteristics of different organisms. • Used to identify organisms

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