An Age of Expansionism 1830–1861

1. 13 An Age of Expansionism 1830–1861

2. Ambition and Ambivalence Herman Melville, shown here in an 1870 portrait by Joseph Oriel Eaton, shaped the knowledge he gained as a merchant sailor into Moby-Dick, a cautionary saga about the dark side of human ambition.

3. An Age of Expansionism 1830–1861 • Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican-American War • Internal Expansionism and the Industrial Revolution

4. The Spirit of Young America • “Young Americans”—coined by Emerson —generation favored acquiring new territory • Cultural, economic, political movement • Had no qualms about the market economy

5. Songs of Ourselves Walt Whitman in the “carpenter portrait” that appeared in the first edition of his great work, Leaves of Grass, in 1855. The poet’s rough clothes and slouch hat signify his identification with the common people.

6. The Spirit of Young America (cont’d) • 49-year-old James Polk, youngest president • Young American writers, Whitman, Melville • After Mexican-American War, focus on western territories

7. , Texas Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War ,

8. Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican-American War • Widespread call for annexation of newly settled lands • “Manifest Destiny” a slogan of those believing the U.S. divinely ordained to encompass Mexico and Canada

9. The Texas Revolution • 1820s: Americans encouraged to move into Texas • "Anglos" never fully accept Mexican government rules on slavery and Catholicism

10. The Texas Revolution (cont’d) • 1830: Mexico bans immigration from U.S. and importing slaves • 1835: Armed rebellion breaks out after Santa Anna seems bent on using military to enforce Mexican government policy

11. Map 13.1 Territorial Expansion by the Mid-Nineteenth Century Fervent nationalists promoted the growth of America through territorial expansion as the divinely ordained “Manifest Destiny” of a chosen people.

12. The Republic of Texas • March, 1836: Texans declare independence and the Alamo under siege • April, 1836: Santa Anna defeated at San Jacinto

13. Map 13.2 Major Battles of the Texas Revolution The Texans suffered severe losses at the Alamo and Goliad, but they scored a stunning victory at San Jacinto.

14. The Republic of Texas (cont’d) • May, 1836: Santa Anna’s treaty recognizes Texas’ claim to territory (Mexico repudiates) • Texas offers free land grants to U.S. settlers • Annexation to U.S. refused by Jackson

15. Battle of San Jacinto In this panorama of the Texas Revolution’s decisive battle at San Jacinto by H. A. McArdle, Sam Houston leads the charge against Santa Anna’s forces.

16. The Annexation of Texas • 1841: John Tyler assumes presidency after William Henry Harrison’s death • Tyler negotiates annexation with Texas for re-election; Senate refuses to ratify because of expansion of slavery • Polk runs on expansionist platform • After Polk’s victory, Congress approves annexation

17. TABLE 13.1 The Liberty Party Swings an Election

18. TABLE 13.2 The Election of 1844

19. The Doctrine of Manifest Destiny • "Manifest Destiny" first used in 1845 by John O’ Sullivan • God wants the U.S., His chosen nation, to become stronger • Americans make new territories free and democratic • Growing American population needs land • Limits to American expansion undefined

20. War with Mexico • Texan claim to area between Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers not recognized by Mexico • After Texas annexation, this causes conflict between U.S. and Mexico

21. War with Mexico (cont’d) • Polk orders General Zachary Taylor into disputed area • April 24 1846 Mexicans attack Americans in disputed area • May 13, 1846: War on Mexico declared

22. Settlement of the Mexican-American War • Nicholas Trist, negotiator with Mexico, disobeys Polk’s orders to return to Washington • February, 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • New Mexico, California ceded to U.S.; U.S. pays Mexico $15 million • Why not annex all of Mexico? • U.S. only wanted west coast ports

23. Settlement of the Mexican-American War (cont’d) • February, 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Whigs criticized Mexican War • Northerners view war aimed at more slavery • Wilmont Proviso • Manifest Destiny ultimately limited by racism and slavery question

24. Map 13.3 The Mexican-American War The Mexican-American War added 500,000 square miles of territory to the United States, but the cost was high: $100 million and 13,000 lives.

25. Internal Expansionism and the Industrial Revolution

26. Internal Expansionism and the Industrial Revolution • “Young Americans” link territorial growth to other material achievements • Technological innovation—e.g., telegraph, railroad, trade growth, mass immigration

27. Internal Expansionism and the Industrial Revolution (cont’d) • Discovery of California gold inspires transcontinental projects • Territorial expansion wanes after 1848, economic, population growth continues

28. The Triumph of the Railroad • 1840s: railroad begins displacing canals • Rail construction stimulates iron industry • Railroads stimulate new forms of finance • Bonds • Preferred stock • Government subsidies

29. The Industrial Revolution Takes Off • Mass production, the division of labor makes production more efficient • Factory system emerges • Gather laborers in one place for supervision • Cash wages • “Continuous process" of manufacturing

30. Map 13.4 Railroads, 1850 and 1860 During the 1840s and 1850s, railroad lines moved rapidly westward. By 1860, more than 30,000 miles of track had been laid.

31. Labor Advancements A revolution in farming followed the introduction of new farm implements such as Cyrus McCormick’s reaper, which could do ten times the work of a single person. The lithograph, by an anonymous artist, is titled The Testing of the First Reaping Machine near Steele’s Tavern, Virginia, 1831.

32. The Industrial Revolution Takes Off (cont’d) • Agriculture becomes mechanized • Northern economy based on interaction of industry, transportation, agriculture

33. TABLE 13.3 The Age of Practical Invention

34. TABLE 13.3 (continued) The Age of Practical Invention

35. Mass Immigration Begins • 1840–1860: 4 million Irish, Germans immigrate to U.S. • Most come for higher wages • Immigrants fill low-paying jobs in port cities

36. Mass Immigration Begins (cont’d) • Low immigrant wages contribute to slums • Urban reform movement results from poverty of slums • Working class experience unifies different ethnicities into an American working class

37. Figure 13.1 Immigration to the United States, 1820–1860

38. The New Working Class • 1840s: Factory labor begins shifting from women, children to men • Immigrants dominate new working class • Employers demand more work, less pay

39. The New Working Class (cont’d) • Unions organized to defend worker rights • Workers cling to traditional work habits • Adjustment to new work style painful, took time

40. Greater Fortunes This 1854 cartoon, titled “The Old World and the New,” shows a shabbily dressed man in Ireland examining posters for trips to New York (left). At right, he is shown later, in America, wearing finer clothes and looking at posters advertising trips for emigrants returning to Dublin. As was the case for many immigrants seeking economic opportunities in the “New World,” his situation has apparently changed for the better.

41. Conclusion: The Costs of Expansion

42. Conclusion:The Costs of Expansion • Working class poses problem for ideals • Working for wages was assumed to be the first step toward becoming one’s own master • New class of permanent wage-earners conflicted with old ideal

43. Conclusion:The Costs of Expansion • Economic expansion creates conflicts between classes • Territorial expansion creates conflicts between sections • Both sets of conflicts uncontrollable

44. Timeline

45. Timeline (continued)