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Gel electrophoresis

Gel electrophoresis. DNA sequencing. Replication. DNA is the genetic material within the nucleus. DNA. The process of replication creates new copies of DNA. Transcription. RNA. The process of transcription creates an RNA using DNA information. Nucleus. Translation. Protein.

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Gel electrophoresis

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  1. Gel electrophoresis DNA sequencing

  2. Replication DNA is the genetic material within the nucleus. DNA The process of replication creates new copies of DNA. Transcription RNA The process of transcription creates an RNA using DNA information. Nucleus Translation Protein The process of translation creates a protein using RNA information. Cytoplasm Central Dogma

  3. DNA Double Helix-Held Together with H-Bonds

  4. Base Pairs Double Helix

  5. Three Components of DNA Structure base: thymine (pyrimidine) monophosphate sugar: 2’-deoxyribose  5’ 4’ 1’ 2’ 3’ (5’ to 3’) 3’ linkage base:adenine (purine) 5’ linkage no 2’-hydroxyl

  6. Pyrimidines used in Base Pairs, DNA 6-membered rings only

  7. Purines used in Base Pairs, DNA Fused 5 and 6 member rings

  8. DNA Base Pairing A-T pairing 2 H-Bonds G-C pairing 3 H-bonds

  9. A-T and G-C Base Pairs Hold the DNA helices together

  10. A-T and G-C Base Pairs Hold the DNA helices together

  11. A-T and G-C Base Pairs Hold the DNA helices together

  12. A-T and G-C Base Pairs Hold the DNA helices together

  13. A-T and G-C Base Pairs Hold the DNA helices together

  14. 3’ G U C A U U C G G 5’ RNA Transcription • The new RNA molecule is formed by incorporating • nucleotides that are complementary to the template strand. DNA DNA coding strand 5’ G T C A T T C G G 3’ 3’ C A G T A A G C C 5’ • DNA template strand

  15. # of strands kind of sugar bases used

  16. RNA Polymerase is the Enzyme that Catalyzes Transcription of DNA Information to RNA DNA (Blue) Newly Synthesized RNA (Red) Bridge Helix Moves DNA through Polymerase during RNA Synthesis (Green) Active Site Metal (Pink)

  17. 3’ G U C A U U C G G 5’ RNA Transcription • The new RNA molecule is formed by incorporating • nucleotides that are complementary to the template strand. DNA DNA coding strand 5’ G T C A T T C G G 3’ 3’ C A G T A A G C C 5’ • DNA template strand

  18. DNA template strand DNA T T C A G T C A G Transcription A A G U C A G U C Messenger RNA mRNA Codon Codon Codon Translation Polypeptide (amino acid sequence) Protein Lysine Serine Valine Translation • The process of reading the RNA sequence of an mRNA and creating the amino acid sequence of a protein is called translation.

  19. Genetic information written in codons is translated into amino acid sequences • The “words” of the DNA “language” are triplets of bases called codons • 3 bases or nucleotides make one codon • Each codon specifies an amino acid • The codons in a gene specify the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

  20. The genetic code is the Rosetta stone of life • Virtually all organisms share the same genetic code • All organisms use the same 20 aa • Each codon specifies a particular aa Figure 10.8A

  21. Tryptophan and Methionine have only 1 codon each • All the rest have more than one • AUG has a dual function • 3 stop codons that code for termination of protein synthesis • Redundancy in the code but no ambiguity Figure 10.8A

  22. http://www.dnalc.org/ddnalc/resources/sangerseq.html

  23. http://www.shsu.edu/~chm_tgc/sounds/flashfiles/GE.swf

  24. Shotgun sequencing: assembly of random sequence fragments

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