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Journal # 4: List two ways that a sponge benefits other organisms.

Journal # 4: List two ways that a sponge benefits other organisms. PHYLUM PORIFERA SPONGES. I. General Information Porifera means “ pore-bearing ” EX: sponges 3. No tissues, organs, or systems 4. Entire animal consists of several different types of cells functioning together.

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Journal # 4: List two ways that a sponge benefits other organisms.

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  1. Journal # 4: List two ways that a sponge benefits other organisms.

  2. PHYLUM PORIFERA SPONGES

  3. I. General Information • Porifera means “pore-bearing” • EX: sponges • 3. No tissues, organs, or systems • 4. Entire animal consists of several different types of cells functioning together. • 5. Sessile- immobile • Symmetry: Asymmetrical- no symmetry • Simplest of all animals

  4. Osculum- allows water & waste to leave. Spicules- give support/protection Choanocyte- traps passing food Spongocoel- center cavity of sponge Porocyte- allows water & food into sponge Mesohyl- gelatinous middle layer thru which amoebocytes travel. Amoebocytes- carry nutrients, oxygen thru body. Can also become reproductive cells. Ostium (plural ostia)- opening to a porocyte Pinacocyte- epidermal cells; cover outside of sponge; can contract to close ostia when irritated

  5. Digestion/Feeding • Filter feeders- sessile so cannot prey on food. • Eat bacteria, algae, protists, larvae • Pathway of water & food

  6. a. Enters porocyte • b. Passes by choanocyte which has beating flagella to pull food into collar which captures food. • Food vacuole is created at base of choanocyte. Digestion begins. • Food vacuole is passed to an amoebocyte. • Amoebocyte carries nutrients to all parts of sponge. Also remove waste from sponge (circulatory system) • Excess water & waste exit thru osculum. • g. Can measure amount of water flow out of the sponge by adding dye http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zool250/animations/Porifera.swf

  7. Respiration- exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide • 1. DIFFUSION through the cell membranes exposed directly to water.

  8. Skeleton/Support • Spicules- needle-like pieces of calcium carbonate or silica. All different shapes & sizes 2. Spongin- flexible protein fibers found in the sponge skeleton ex:bath sponge

  9. Excretion- removal of wastes from body • Wastes removed from body by amoebocytes. • Released to spongocoel & out osculum. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://bio.rutgers.edu/~gb102/lab_1/porifera/sponge_animation.gif&imgrefurl=http://bio.rutgers.edu/~gb102/lab_1/porifera/sponge_animation.html&usg=__RYJg9379B6PSO0d4IaeJ1cEZp6s=&h=432&w=432&sz=78&hl=en&start=2&zoom=1&tbnid=cGliBdN9G1zbTM:&tbnh=126&tbnw=126&ei=pJBlTrqTNYO6tgeXhtGECg&prev=/search%3Fq%3Damoebocytes%2Banimation%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1T4ACGW_enUS313US314%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1

  10. VI. Reproduction • Asexual- without using sperm & egg a. Regeneration- broken pieces of sponge regrowinto entire new sponge.

  11. b. Budding- small buds break off & continue to grow until adulthood.

  12. c. Gemmules- masses of amoebocytes form on parent in winter. Amoebocytes become all other cells when released to form a new sponge.

  13. Sexual- with sperm and egg. • a. Monoecious- hermaphrodites; produce sperm & egg in same organism. • 1. Do not make or release sperm & egg at same time. • Prevents self-fertilization. • 2. Self-fertilization is like inbreeding. Does not promote good genetic diversity.

  14. VII. 3 Body Forms • Ascon • a. Simplest • b. Vase-like body • c. EX: Leucosolenia

  15. Sycon • a. More complex than ascon. • b. Folded body wall • c. More choanocytes • = more food • d. EX: Grantia

  16. Leucon- • a. Complex body wall • b. Many oscula • c. Even more choanocytes • = more food • d. EX: bath • sponge

  17. VIII. Classification Based on type of spicules (different shape of spicules indicates different species) Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Class Calcarea- spicules of calcium carbonate; needle-like or 3-4 rays. Class Hexactinellidae- spicules of silica with 6 rays Class Demospongiae- spicules of silica or spongin; bath sponge

  18. IX. Economic/Environmental Importance • Filter & clean water. • Control some animal populations by eating excess larvae. • Bath sponges sold for cleaning, exfoliating, personal hygiene, etc. • Part of food chain • Provide habitat for many types of animals.

  19. DAILY QUIZ #3 • The cells that capture food for the sponge are called a. Pinacocytes b. Choanocytes c. amoebocytes • The center cavity of the sponge is a. Osculum b. Mesohyl c. spongocoel • Sponges breathe a. With lungs b. With gills c. By diffusion • The jelly-like middle layer of the sponge is a. Mesohyl b. Mesoderm c. spongy • Human : red blood cell :: Sponge : a. spicule b. Amoebocyte c. osculum

  20. Links for WebQuests • http://lcmrschool.org/HS/Roth/Biology_animate/Ch26/ActiveArt/structure_of_a_sponge.swf • http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zool250/animations/Porifera.swf

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