PRESS AND HOLD THE DOWN ARROW KEY until the GREEN light on the remote turns RED.

1. The radio channel number for this room is “09” (zero, nine). It is STRONGLY recommended to login your remote for every class just to be sure it is on the correct radio channel and working before class. It is against the honor code to “click” for someone else-violators will loose all clicker pts.HITT RF Remote Login Procedure: PRESS AND HOLD THE DOWN ARROW KEY until the GREEN light on the remote turns RED. PRESS THE “0” KEY and you will see the RED light flash GREEN. PRESS THE “9” KEY and you will see the RED light flash GREEN. PRESS AND RELEASE THE DOWN ARROW KEY again and you will see the red light search for the receiver, if it BLINKS GREEN MULTIPLE TIMES you are logged in.

2. The Electric Vector in Light WavesPolarization of Light Waves • Each atom produces a wave with its own orientation of • All directions of the electric field vector are equally possible and lie in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation This is an unpolarized wave

3. Polarized Light • A wave is said to be linearly polarized if the resultant electric field vibrates in the same direction at all times at a particular point • It may vibrate in any fixed direction • Quiz • Polarization can be obtained from an unpolarized beam by • A. selective absorption • B. reflection • Scattering • All of the above • None of the above

4. Polarization by Selective Absorption • The most common technique for polarizing light • Uses a material that transmits waves whose electric field vectors in the plane are parallel to a certain direction and absorbs waves whose electric field vectors are perpendicular to that direction • E. H. Land discovered a material that polarizes light through selective absorption • He called the material Polaroid

5. Polarization by Reflection • When an unpolarized light beam is reflected from a surface, the reflected light is • Completely polarized • Partially polarized • Unpolarized • It depends on the angle of incidence • If the angle is 0° or 90°, the reflected beam is unpolarized • For angles between this, there is some degree of polarization • For one particular angle, the beam is completely polarized • The angle of incidence for which the reflected beam is completely polarized is called the polarizing angleθp • θp is called Brewster’s Angle

6. Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) One use of polarized Light • A liquid crystal is intermediate between a crystalline solid and a liquid • The molecules of the substance are more orderly than those of a liquid but less than those in a pure crystalline solid • In a display, the liquid crystal is placed between two glass plates with electrical contacts • A voltage is applied across any segment in the display and that segment turns on

7. V=0 rotates Polarization 90° making it Bright Light passes through the polarizer on the right and is reflected back to the observer, who sees the segment as being bright

8. V≠0 produces no rotation making it Dark • The light is absorbed by the polarizer on the right and none is reflected back to the observer

9. Magnetism-Magnetic Fields • Poles of a magnet are the ends where objects are most strongly attracted • Two poles, called north and south • Like poles repel each other and unlike poles attract each other • Similar to electric charges • Magnetic poles cannot be isolated • If a permanent magnetic is cut in half repeatedly, you will still have a north and a south pole • This differs from electric charges • There is some theoretical basis for monopoles, but none have been detected

10. Sources of Magnetic Fields • The region of space surrounding a moving charge includes a magnetic field • The charge will also be surrounded by an electric field • A magnetic field surrounds a properly magnetized magnetic material • Soft magnetic materials, such as iron, are easily magnetized • They also tend to lose their magnetism easily • Hard magnetic materials, such as cobalt and nickel, are difficult to magnetize • They tend to retain their magnetism

11. Magnetic Fields • Symbolized by • Direction is given by the direction a north pole of a compass needle points in that location • Magnetic field lines can be used to show how the field lines, as traced out by a compass, would look

12. Earth’s Magnetic Field • The Earth’s geographic north pole corresponds to a magnetic south pole • The Earth’s geographic south pole corresponds to a magnetic north pole • Strictly speaking, a north pole should be a “north-seeking” pole and a south pole a “south-seeking” pole Quick Quiz • The red end of a compass needle which points “North” is which end of a dipole magnet? • A. North pole • B. South pole

13. Electric Charges in Magnetic Fields • Moving charges feel magnetic force perpendicular to path of • This force has a maximum value when the charge moves perpendicularly to the magnetic field lines • This force is zero when the charge moves along the field lines • This force is zero if the charge is stationary • Superconducting magnets • 300000 Gauss or 30 Tesla • Earth’s magnetic field • 0.5 G or 5 x 10-5 T Quick Quiz • How many G in a T? • 10-5 D. 105 • 10-4 E. 0.5 x 10-5 • 104

14. Right Hand Rule • Place your fingers in the direction of • Curl the fingers in the direction of the magnetic field, • Your thumb points in the direction of the force, , on a positive charge • If the charge is negative, the force is opposite that determined by the right hand rule